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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: g^uher- 'warm, hot'

Semantic Field: Hot, Warm

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	fogeir	vb	to heat, warm up	LRC
Middle Irish:	gert	n	milk	W7
Breton:	gred	n	warmth	LRC
English
Old English:	gearu	adj	prepared	LRC
	gor	n.neut	gore, dirt, filth, dung, excrement	IEW/ASD
	wearm	adj	warm	LRC
Middle English:	furnas	n	furnace	W7
	gore	n	gore, filth	W7
	warm	adj	warm	LRC
English:	forceps	n	instrument for grasping/holding/exerting traction	AHD/W7
	forcipate	adj	forked, shaped like forceps/pincers	AHD
	furnace	n	enclosed structure for producing heat	AHD/W7
	German	prop.n	language/inhabitant of Germany	W7
	Germanic	prop.adj	re: German/Germany	W7
	Germany	prop.n	central European country	W7
	ghee	n	semifluid clarified butter	AHD/W7
	Gorbag	prop.n	orc in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	gore	n	(clotted) blood	W7
	gorgûn	n.pl	term for orcs in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hornito	n	low volcanic mound	AHD
	-therm	n.sfx	animal having (specified) body temperature	AHD/W7
	therm	n	unit of heat quantity	AHD/W7
	-thermy	n.sfx	state of heat	AHD/W7
	warm	adj	moderately heated	LRC
W-Germanic
Old High German:	garo	adj	ready	LRC
	gor	n	gore, dirt, filth, dung, excrement	ASD
	warm	adj	warm	LRC
German:	gar	adj	done, cooked	LRC
	germanisch	adj	Germanic	LRC
	warm	adj	warm	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	varmr	adj	warm	LRC
Old Icelandic:	gera	adj	ready, prepared	LRC
Icelandic:	gor	n	gore, dirt, filth, dung, excrement	ASD
Swedish:	varm	adj	warm	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	warmjan	vb	to warm	LRC
Italic
Latin:	forceps	n.masc	tongs, pliers, pincers, forceps	W7
	formus	adj	hot, warm	W7
	fornax, fornacis	n.fem	furnace, fireplace, oven	W7
	Germanus, Germana, Germanum	adj	re: Germans	LRC
New Latin:	-thermia	sfx	-thermy, heat	W7
Spanish:	hornito	n.dim	little oven	AHD
	horno	n	oven	AHD
Old French:	fornaise	n.fem	furnace, fireplace	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	goro	n	hearth	LRC
Lithuanian:	gãras	n.masc	steam	LRC
	vìrti	vb	to cook, boil	LRC
Latvian:	gars	n.masc	steam; spirit	LRC
	virt	vb	to cook, boil	LRC
Slavic
Polish:	garniec	n	pot	LRC
Czech:	horký	adj	warm	LRC
Serbo-Croatian:	bitter	n	hearth	LRC
Old Church Slavonic:	goritu'	vb	to burn	LRC
Russian:	gorn	n	hearth	LRC
Albanian
Gheg:	zjarm	adj	warm	IEW
Tosk:	zjarr	n	fire, heat	IEW
	zjarrtë	adj	fiery, passionate	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	thermós	adj	hot, warm	LRC
	théros	n	summer, warm season	LRC
	thérô	vb	to warm, be warm	LRC
Greek:	therme	n.fem	heat	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	war-(nu-)	vb	to burn, set afire	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	jerm	vb	to heat	LRC
	jer	n	warmth	LRC
	varim	vb	to burn	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	garumo	adj	warm	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	gharmá-	n	hot coals	LRC
	ghrta	n	milk, clarified butter	W7
	háras	adj	glowing	LRC
Hindi:	ghi	n	clarified butter	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	särme	adj	warm	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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