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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ha ha! (laughter)

Semantic Field: Various Cries

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ceahhetan	vb	to laugh loudly	RPN
Middle English:	cakelen	vb	to cackle	W7
English:	cackle	vb	to emit hen-like sound/noise	LRC
W-Germanic
Dutch:	kakelen	vb	to cackle	RPN
Old High German:	kachazzen/chahhazen	vb	to laugh loudly	ASD
Middle High German:	kach(ez)en	vb	to guffaw	RPN/ASD
German:	gackern	vb	to cackle	LRC
	kachen	vb	to laugh loudly	ASD
Italic
Latin:	cachinnare	vb	to laugh loudly	ASD
	ha(ha)hae	interj	ha ha! [laughter]	ELD
Baltic
Lithuanian:	gagù, gageti	vb	to cackle	RPN
Slavic
Russian:	gógot	n	cackle, loud laughter	RPN
	gogotát´	vb	to cackle	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	kakazem	vb	to stammer, jabber, lisp	RPN
	kakacem	vb	to cackle	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
interj	=	interjection
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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