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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 1. iu- 'you (plural)'

Semantic Field: Human Being

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	eow	pron.2.pl.dat/acc	you	W7
	eower	pron.2.pl.gen	your	TLL
	ge	pron.2.pl	you	W7
	git	pron.2.du	you two	TLL
	inc	pron.2.du.dat/acc	you two	TLL
	incer	pron.2.du.gen	your two	TLL
	incit	pron.2.du.acc	you two	TLL
Middle English:	ye	pron.2.pl	you	W7
	you	pron.2.sg	you	W7
English:	rendezvous	n	place appointed for meeting/assembling	AHD/W7
	ye	pron.2	you	AHD/W7
	you	pron.2	(one(s) being addressed)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	je	pron.2.sg/pl	you [atonic form]	TLL
	jij	pron.2.sg.nom	you	TLL
	jou	pron.2.sg.dat/acc	you	TLL
	jovw	pron.2.sg.gen	your	TLL
	jullie	pron.2.pl	you	TLL
	u	pron.2.pl	you	TLL
	uw	pron.2.sg/pl.gen	your	TLL
Old High German:	ir	pron.2.pl	you	W7
	iu	pron.2.pl.dat	you	W7
German:	euch	pron.2.dat/acc	you	LRC
	euer	pron.2.pl.gen	your	LRC
	ihr	pron.2.pl	you	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	yðar	pron.2.pl.gen	your	TLL
	yður	pron.2.pl.dat/acc	you	TLL
	ykkar	pron.2.du.gen	your two	TLL
	ykkur	pron.2.du.dat/acc	you two	TLL
Swedish:	Er	pron.2.pl.gen/dat/acc	your, you (courteous)	TLL
	Ni	pron.2.pl.nom	you (courteous)	TLL
Italic
Old French:	vos	pron.2.pl	you	LRC
Middle French:	rendezvous	n.masc	appointment	W7
French:	vous	pron.2	you	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	juaj	pron.2.pl.gen	your	LRC
	ju	pron.2.pl	you	IEW
Indic
Sanskrit:	yuyam	pron.2.nom.pl	you	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
2	=	2nd person
acc	=	accusative (case)
dat	=	dative (case)
du	=	dual (number)
gen	=	genitive (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nom	=	nominative (case)
pl	=	plural (number)
pron	=	pronoun
sg	=	singular (number)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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