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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 1. kad- 'to fall'

Semantic Field: to Fall

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	accident	n	accident	W7
	cadence	n	cadence	W7
	cas	n	case	W7
	casual	adj	casual	W7
	chance	n	chance	W7
	decayen	vb	to decay	W7
	eschete	n	escheat	W7
	incident	n	incident	W7
	occasion	n	occasion	W7
English:	accident	n	event occurring by chance/from unknown causes	AHD/W7
	accidental	adj	nonessential, re: accident	W7
	cadaver	n	corpse (intended for dissection)	AHD/W7
	cadence	n	rhythmic sequence/flow of language sounds	AHD/W7
	cadent	adj	falling	AHD/W7
	caducous	adj	falling off easily/before normal time	AHD/W7
	cascade	n	steep, multiple fall of water	AHD/W7
	case	n	set of circumstances/conditions	AHD/W7
	casual	adj	subject to/resulting from/occurring by chance	AHD/W7
	casualty	n	disaster, serious/fatal accident	AHD/W7
	casuist	n	one skilled in/given to studying conscience in conduct	AHD/W7
	chance	n	something happening unpredictably, without apparent cause	AHD/W7
	chute	n	waterfall	AHD/W7
	decay	vb	to decline from sound/prosperous condition	AHD/W7
	deciduous	adj	falling off (e.g. of leaves in autumn)	AHD/W7
	escheat	n	reversion of property to crown/state	AHD/W7
	incident	n	event, happening, occurrence	AHD/W7
	occasion	n	(favorable) circumstance/opportunity	AHD/W7
	occident	n	the west, western lands/regions	AHD
	occidental	adj	western, re: occident	W7
	recidivate	vb	to relapse, backslide, return to crime	AHD
	recidivism	n	tendency to recidivate	AHD
Italic
Latin:	accidens, accidentis	adj/vb.ptc	accidental	W7
	accido, accidere	vb	to happen	W7
	cadaver	n.neut	corpse	W7
	cado, cadere, cecidi, casus	vb	to fall	W7
	caducus	adj	transitory, perishable	W7
	casus, casus	n.masc	fall, chance	W7
	decido, decidere	vb	to cut off, decide	W7
	incido, incidere	vb	to fall into, happen	W7
	occasio, occasionis	n.fem	chance, occasion	W7
	occido, occidere, occidi, occasus	vb	to fall, chance	W7
Vulgar Latin:	cadentia	n.fem	fall	W7
	casico, casicare	vb	to fall	W7
	excadeo, excadere	vb	to fall out	W7
Late Latin:	casualis	adj	casual	W7
Portuguese:	cair	vb	to fall	TLL
Spanish:	caer	vb	to fall	TLL
	casuista	n.masc/fem	casuist	W7
Old French:	accident	n	accident, chance event	AHD
	cas	n.masc	fall, situation	W7
	chance	n.fem	luck	W7
	cheoir	vb	to fall	W7
	chute	n.fem	chute	W7
	escheoir	vb	to fall, devolve	W7
	eschete	n.fem	reversion of property	W7
Old North French:	decaïr	vb	to decay	W7
Middle French:	accident	n.masc	accident, casualty	W7
	casuel	adj	casual	W7
	incident	n.masc	incident	W7
	occasion	n.fem	chance, occasion	W7
French:	cascade	n.fem	cascade, waterfall	W7
	choir	vb.arch	to fall	TLL
	chute	n.fem	chute	W7
Old Italian:	cadenza	n.fem	cadence, rythm	W7
	cadere	vb	to fall	W7
Italian:	cadere	vb	to fall	TLL
	cascare	vb	to fall	W7
	cascata	n.fem	cascade	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	ptosis	n.fem	act of falling	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	sad	vb	to fall	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
arch	=	archaic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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