The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kad- : kudes- : kud-s- 'hate, displeasure, uneasiness'

Semantic Field: Hate (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	cath	n	battle	GED
Middle Irish:	caiss	n	hate	GED
Welsh:	cas	n	hate	GED
Gaulish:	catu-	n.pfx	battle	GED
	Catu-riges	prop.n	Lord of Battle	GED
English
Old English:	hati(ge)an	vb.wk	to hate	GED/ASD
	heaþu-	n.pfx	war, battle	GED
	hete	n.masc	hate, spite, malice, enmity	GED/ASD
	hettan	vb	to persecute	GED
Middle English:	hate	n	hate	W7
	heinous	adj	heinous	W7
English:	hate	n	intense aversion/hostility due to fear/anger/injury	AHD/W7
	heinous	adj	abominable, hatefully/shockingly evil	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hatia	vb.wk	to hate	GED
Old Saxon:	haton/hatan	vb.wk	to hate, persecute	GED/ASD
	heti	n.str.masc	hate	GED
	hoti	adj	hateful, inimical	GED
Old High German:	hadu-	n.pfx	battle	GED
	haz	n.str.masc	hate, hatred, enmity	GED
	haz(z)en/haz(z)on	vb	to hate, persecute	GED/ASD
Middle High German:	hetzen	vb.wk	to hunt, pursue	GED
German:	Hass	n.masc	hate	ASD
	hassen	vb	to hate	ASD
	hetzen	vb	to hunt, pursue	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hata, hatað	vb.wk	to hate, damage, destroy	GED
Old Icelandic:	hatr	n.str.neut	hate	GED
Icelandic:	hata	vb	to hate	ASD
	hatr	n	hate	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*hatan	vb.wk.III	to hate	GED
	hatis	n.neut	hatred, anger	GED
	*hatizon	vb.wk.II	to be angry	GED
	*hatjan	vb.wk.I	to hate	GED
Italic
Oscan:	cadeis	adj	re: hatred	GED
Middle French:	haine	n.fem	hate	W7
	haineus	adj	heinous	W7
French:	haine	n.fem	hate	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	akêdês	adj	without care/sorrow	LS
	kêdos	n.neut	care, grief, sorrow	LS
	kótos	n	anger	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ri-sadas	n	(epithet of) gods	GED
	sátrus	n	enemy	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	kat	n	destruction	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
II	=	class 2
III	=	class 3
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next