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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: kapho-, or kopho- 'hoof'

Semantic Field: Foot

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hof	n.masc	hoof	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	hache	n	ax	W7
	hachet	n.dim	hatchet	W7
	hoof	n	hoof	W7
	notehache	n	nuthatch	W7
English:	hash	vb.trans	to chop in small pieces	AHD/W7
	hatchet	n	light short-handled ax with hammerhead	AHD/W7
	hoof	n	horn/nail protecting ungulate mammal digits	AHD/W7
	kope(c)k	n	Russian currency unit	AHD
	nuthatch	n	bird intermediate between titmice/creepers	AHD/W7
	piolet	n	ice ax (for cutting footholds)	AHD
	quebracho	n	tropical American hardwood tree	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	hoef	n	hoof	RPN
Old High German:	happa	n	sickle	W7
	huof	n	hoof	RPN
German:	Huf	n	hoof	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	hófr	n	hoof	RPN
Icelandic:	hofr	n	hoof	ASD
Danish:	hov	n	hoof	TLL
Swedish:	hov	n	hoof	TLL
Italic
Spanish:	hacha	n.fem	ax	W7
	quiebra	vb.3.sg	it breaks	W7
American Spanish:	quebracho	n.masc	lumber, hardwood	W7
Old French:	hache	n.fem	battle-ax	W7
	hachier	vb	to hash	W7
Middle French:	hache	n.fem	battle-ax	W7
	hachette	n.fem.dim	hatchet, small ax	W7
French:	hache	n	ax	TLL
	hacher	vb	to hash	W7
Slavic
Old Russian:	kopeika	n	kopek	AHD
	kopie	n	spear	AHD
Russian:	kopat'	vb	to hack	AHD
	kopeika	n	kopek	AHD
Iranian
Avestan:	safa	n	horse hoof	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	saphá-h	n	hoof	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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