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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. kel-, kelu- 'to project, tower up; hill'

Semantic Field: Hill, Mountain

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	holm	n.masc	holm, hill, mount; sea, wave	W7/ASD
	hyll	n.masc/fem	hill	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	columne	n	column	W7
	excellen	vb	to excel	W7
	hill	n	hill	W7
	holm	n	holm	W7
English:	colonel	n	commissioned officer ranking between lieutenant colonel/brigadier general	AHD/W7
	colonnade	n	columns at regular intervals, usu. supporting roof	AHD/W7
	colonnette	n	small (usu. decorative) column	AHD
	colophon	n	inscription at end of book/manuscript	AHD/W7
	column	n	supporting pillar	AHD/W7
	coronel	n	colonel	AHD/W7
	culminate	vb	to reach highest altitude	AHD/W7
	excel	vb	to outdo, surpass	AHD/W7
	Hill	prop.n	Bombadil's home in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hill	n	natural land elevation (lower than mountain)	AHD/W7
	holm	n	small inland/inshore island	AHD/W7
	Overhill	prop.n	Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Underhill	prop.n	Hobbiton family in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Frisian:	hel	n	hill	RPN
Middle Dutch:	hul/hil(le)	n	hill	RPN
Low German:	hul	n	hill	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	holmr	n	holm	W7
E-Germanic
Crimean Gothic:	*al/ael	n	rock, stone	CGo
Italic
Latin:	-cellere	afx	to rise, project	W7
	collis	n.masc	hill	RPN
	colophon	n.masc	summit, finishing touch	W7
	columen	n.neut	top	W7
	columna	n.fem	column, pillar	W7
	culmen, culminis	n.neut	top	W7
	culmino, culminare, culminavi, culminatus	vb	to crown	W7
	excello, excellere	vb	to excel, rise out	W7
Middle French:	colomne	n.fem	column	W7
	coronel	n.masc	leader of column of soldiers	W7
French:	colonnade	n.fem	colonnade	W7
Old Italian:	colonna	n.fem	column, pillar	W7
	colonnello	n.masc	colonel, column of soldiers	W7
Italian:	colonnato	n.masc	colonnade	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kálnas	n	hill, mound	RPN
	keliù, kélti	vb	to lift, raise	RPN
	kìlti, kyla, kìlo	vb	to arise	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	kolophon	n.masc	summit, finishing touch	W7
	kolônós	n.masc	heap	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
afx	=	affix
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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