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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. kel-, kelu-, kla-, extended klad- 'to hit, hew, cut down'

Semantic Fields: to Hit, Strike, Beat; to Hew; to Cut

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	cleddyf	n	sword	W7
English
Old English:	cler(i)c/clerec	n.masc	clerk/cleric	W7/ASD
	healt	adj	halt	W7
	hild	n.str.fem	war, battle	LRC
	hilde-deor	adj	lit. battle-bold	LRC
	holt	n.masc/neut	holt	ASD
	lemp-healt	adj	limping, halting, limphalt	AHD
Middle English:	clerk	n	clerk	W7
	copen	vb	to cope	W7
	coupen	vb	to coup	W7
	glaive	n	glaive	W7
	halt	adj	halt	W7
	hilt	n	hilt, sword or dagger handle	W7
	holt	n	holt	W7
	lympen	vb	to fall short	W7
English:	calamity	n	deep distress/misery caused by loss/misfortune	AHD/W7
	clade	n	organisms sharing features derived from common ancestor	AHD
	cladoceran	n	water flea, other small freshwater crustacean	AHD
	cladode	n	cladophyll	AHD/W7
	cladogenesis	n	evolutionary change/diversification resulting from new taxa branching off	AHD
	cladogram	n	treelike diagram with endpoints representing species	AHD
	clast	n	rock grain/fragment resulting from larger rock breakage	AHD
	clastic	adj	re: fragments of pre-existing rock	AHD/W7
	claymore	n	large double-edged broadsword	AHD
	clematis	n	vine/herb	AHD/W7
	cleric	n	clergy member (below priest)	W7
	clerical	adj	re: clerk/clergy	W7
	clerk	n	cleric	AHD/W7
	clone	n	asexually produced progeny	AHD/W7
	coloboma	n	eye anomaly: some loss of vision	AHD
	colobus	n	African monkey of genus Colobus	AHD
	cope	vb	to fight, strike	AHD/W7
	coup	n	sudden, brilliant, usu. successful stroke	AHD/W7
	coup	vb	to strike, upset, overturn	AHD/W7
	Dimholt	prop.n	black grove in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	gladiate	adj	sword-shaped	AHD
	gladiator	n	person engaged in fight, for public entertainment	AHD/W7
	gladiolus	n	African plant in iris family	AHD/W7
	glaive	n	sword	AHD/W7
	halt	adj	lame	W7
	Hild	prop.n	Helm's sister in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hilt	n	handle of sword/dagger	AHD/W7
	holt	n	copse, grove, small woods	AHD/W7
	limphalt	adj	lame, halt	AHD
	matilda	n	bedroll, bundle of possessions	AHD
	osteoclast	n	large multinucleate cell in growing bone	AHD/W7
	phylloclade	n	flattened stem/branch functioning as leaf	AHD/W7
	plagioclase	n	triclinic feldspar	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	halt	adj	halt	ASD
	holt	n	holt, wood, stick	ASD
Dutch:	hout	n	holt, wood	TLL
Old Saxon:	halt	adj	halt	ASD
	hild	n	war, battle	ASD
Old High German:	halz	adj	halt	ASD
	hilt	n	war, battle	ASD
	holz	n	holt; wood	W7
German:	Holz	n.neut	holt; wood, lumber	LRC
	hölzern	adj	wooden	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	haltr	adj	halt	LRC
	Hildr	prop.n.fem	a Valkyrie	LRC
	holt	n	holt	KNW
Icelandic:	haltr	adj	halt	ASD
	hildr	n	war, battle	ASD
	holt	n	holt, wood, coppice; rough stony hill	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	halts	adj	halt	ASD
Italic
Latin:	calamitas, calamitatis	n.fem	plea, destruction, calamity	W7
	clades	n.fem	destruction	W7
	clematis	n.fem	clematis, brushwood	W7
	colaphus	n.masc	slap on the cheek	W7
	gladiator	n.masc	gladiator, swordsman	W7
	gladiolus	n.masc	small sword	W7
	gladius	n.masc	glaive	W7
	incolumis, incolumis, incolume	adj	unharmed	LRC
	labor, labi, lapsus	vb.dep	to slip, slide	W7
	limbus	n.masc	border	W7
Late Latin:	clericus	adj	clerical, re: clergy	W7
New Latin:	cladodium	n.neut	twig	W7
	gladiolus	n.masc	a flower	W7
	phyllocladium	n.neut	phylloclade	W7
Old French:	clerc	n.masc	clerk, priest	W7
	couper	vb	to strike, cut	W7
Middle French:	calamité	n.fem	plea, calamity	W7
	couper	vb	to strike, cut	W7
	glaive	n.masc	glaive, javelin	W7
French:	coup	n.masc	coup, blow	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	pakula	n.fem	coarse linen	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	klados	n.masc	sprout, branch, twig	W7
	klan	vb	to break	W7
	klastos	adj	broken	W7
	klema, klematos	n.neut	twig	W7
	klematis	n.fem	clematis, brushwood	W7
	klêronoméô	vb	to inherit	LRC
	kleros	n.masc	lot, inheritance, what is gained randomly	W7
	klon	n.masc	twig, slip	W7
	kolaphos	n.masc	slap on the cheek	W7
	plagios	adj	oblique, sideways	W7
Late Greek:	klerikos	adj	clerical, re: clergy	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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