The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 5. kel- 'to drive, compel, accelerate, move quickly'

Semantic Field: to Drive

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	behealdan/bihealdan	vb	to hold, behold	W7/ASD
	geheald/gehæld	n	keeping, custody, protection	RPN/ASD
	h(e)aldan, heold, heoldon, healden	vb.str.VII	to hold, retain, preserve	ASD
Middle English:	beholden	vb	to keep, behold	W7
	celerite	n	celerity	W7
	holden	vb	to hold	W7
English:	accelerate	vb	to bring about at earlier point in time	AHD/W7
	avast	vb.imp	stop, cease, hold fast	AHD/W7
	behold, beheld	vb.str	to see, perceive via sight/apprehension	AHD/W7
	celebrate	vb	to perform (sacrament/solemn ceremony) publicly with rites	AHD/W7
	celebrity	n	state of being famous/celebrated	AHD/W7
	celerity	n	swiftness, rapidity of motion	AHD/W7
	clonus	n	alternating muscle contractions/relaxations in some nervous diseases	AHD/W7
	halt	n	stop	AHD/W7
	halt	vb	to stop, cease moving	W7
	hold, held	vb.str	to retain, control, possess	AHD/W7
	uphold, upheld	vb.str	to give support, keep elevated	W7
	upholster	vb	to furnish with upholstery	W7
	upholsterer	n	one who upholsters	AHD
	upholstery	n	materials used to make soft covering	W7
	withhold, withheld	vb.str	to retain, restrain, hold back	W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	halda	vb	to hold, guard	RPN
Middle Dutch:	houden	n	to hold	AHD
Old Saxon:	haldan	vb	to hold, guard	RPN
Old High German:	haltan	vb	to hold, guard	RPN
Middle High German:	halten	vb	to hold	W7
German:	halten	vb	to halt; hold, keep, detain	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	halda	vb	to hold, keep, last	LRC
Old Icelandic:	hald	n	hold, upkeep, support	RPN
Icelandic:	halda	vb	to hold	ASD
Danish:	holde	vb	to hold	TLL
Old Swedish:	halla	vb	to hold	RPN
Swedish:	hålla	vb	to hold	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	haldan	vb	to hold, tend, take care of	RPN
Italic
Latin:	accelero, accelerare, acceleravi, acceleratus	vb	to hasten, quicken	W7
	celeber, celebris	adj	famous, much frequented	W7
	celebro, celebrare, celebravi, celebratus	vb	to affame, frequent, celebrate	W7
	celer, celeris, celere	adj	fast, swift, rapid	W7
	celeritas, celeritatis	n.fem	celerity	W7
New Latin:	clonus	n.masc	agitation	W7
Middle French:	célérité	n.fem	celerity	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	klonos	n.masc	agitation	W7
	chrónos	n.masc	time	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
VII	=	class 7
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
imp	=	imperative (mood)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next