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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. kel- 'to hide, conceal'

Semantic Field: to Hide, Conceal

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	celim	vb	to hide, conceal	GED
	cuile	n	cellar	GED
	cul	n	protection	GED
	fuil	n.fem	blood	W7/IED
English
Old English:	be-hyllan	vb.wk	to veil, cover	GED
	cell	n	religious house	W7
	heall	n.fem	hall	W7/ASD
	helan	vb.str	to hide, conceal	GED
	helm	n.str.masc	helmet	ASD
	helustr	n.masc	hiding place	GED
	heolh	n	corner of land	W7
	heolstor	n.masc	holster, cover, concealment	LRC
	hulu	n.fem	hull, husk	ASD
	medu-heall	n.fem	mead-hall	LRC
Middle English:	Apocalipse	n	Apocalypse	AHD
	celer	n	cellar	W7
	celerer	n	cellarer	W7
	cell	n	cell	W7
	colour	n	color	W7
	concelen	vb	to conceal	W7
	halle	n	hall	W7
	hell	n	hell	W7
	hole/hull	n	husk, hull	AHD/W7
	silen	vb	to seel	W7
English:	Apocalypse	prop.n	N.T. book of Revelation	W7
	apocalypse	n	revelation re: cosmic cataclysm	AHD
	Calypso	prop.n	goddess who detained Odysseus 7 years in Homer: Odyssey	LRC
	calyptra	n	archegonium of liverwort/moss	AHD/W7
	cell	n	small religious house depending on convent/monastery	AHD/W7
	cella	n	inner room/sanctuary of church/temple	AHD
	cellar	n	basement	AHD/W7
	cellarer	n	(monastery) official in charge of provisions	AHD/W7
	cilium	n	eyelash	AHD/W7
	clandestine	adj	surreptitious, held in/conducted with secrecy	AHD/W7
	coleopteran	adj	re: insect of order Coleoptera	AHD
	coleus	n	herb in mint family	AHD/W7
	color	n	phenomenon of light/visual perception	AHD/W7
	conceal	vb.trans	to hide, prevent disclosure/recognition of	AHD/W7
	Dernhelm	prop.n	Eowyn's nom de guerre in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Elfhelm	prop.n	Rohan marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	eucalyptus	n	Australian evergreen tree in myrtle family	AHD/W7
	Halfast	prop.n	hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hall	n	house/castle (of king/noble)	AHD/W7
	haugh	n	low-lying meadow beside river	AHD/W7
	hell	n	hades, nether world where dead exist	AHD/W7
	Helm	prop.n	9th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	helmet	n	covering/enclosing armor headpiece	AHD/W7
	Helmingas	prop.n	Westfold men in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	hold	n	cargo deck, lower interior part of ship	AHD/W7
	holster	n	(leather) case for pistol	AHD/W7
	housing	n	ornamental saddle cover	AHD/W7
	hull	n	outer covering of fruit/seed	AHD/W7
	occult	adj	secret, not revealed	AHD/W7
	occult	vb	to shade, conceal, hide from sight	AHD/W7
	rathskeller	n	restaurant patterned after German Ratskeller	AHD/W7
	saltcellar	n	small dish for holding/dispensing salt	AHD
	seel	vb.trans	to close eyes (of hawk) via thread through eyelids	AHD/W7
	supercilious	adj	haughtily contemptuous	AHD/W7
	Valhalla	prop.n	Odin's home for war hero souls, lit. Hero Hall (Norse mythology)	LRC
	Wellinghall	prop.n	Ent dwelling behind waterfall in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Woodhall	prop.n	Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
British English:	colour	n	color	LRC
Scots English:	holch	n	haugh	W7
	hule	n	hull, husk	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hela	vb.str	to hide, conceal	GED
	hella	vb.wk	to veil, cover	GED
	helm	n.str.masc	helmet	GED
Dutch:	holster	n	holster	GED
	kelder	n	cellar	TLL
Old Saxon:	bi-hullean	vb.wk	to veil, cover	GED
	halla	n	hall	ASD
	helan	vb.str	to hide, conceal	GED
	helm	n.str.masc	helmet	GED
Middle Low German:	hulse	n.fem	hull	GED
Low German:	holstr	n.fem	case, holster	GED
Old High German:	hala	n	hull	W7
	halla	n	hall	ASD
	helan	vb.str	to hide, conceal	GED
	helm	n.str.masc	helmet	GED
	hulla	n.fem	hull, veil, cover	GED
	hullan	vb.wk	to veil, cover	GED
	hulsa	n.fem	hull	GED
Middle High German:	hæli	n.str.fem	concealment	GED
	hulfter	n	quiver	GED
	hulst	n.fem	case, holster	GED
German:	Halle	n	hall	ASD
	hehlen	vb	to hide, conceal	ASD
	Helm	n	helmet	ASD
	Holster	n.neut	holster, quiver	LRC
	Hülle	n.fem	sleeve, cover, casing, wrapping	LRC
	Hülse	n	hull, husk	ASD
	Keller	n.masc	cellar	W7
	Ratskeller	n.masc	rathskeller, city-hall basement restaurant	W7
	Walhalla/Valhalla	prop.n	Valhalla	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hjálmr	n.masc	helmet	LRC
	holl	n.fem	hall	LRC
	Valhöll/Valhalla	prop.n	Valhalla	W7
Old Icelandic:	hjalmr	n.masc	helmet	GED
	hulda	n.fem	hull, veil, cover	GED
	hylja	vb.wk	to veil, cover	GED
	hæli	n	hiding place	GED
Icelandic:	hjalm	n.fem	helm, rudder	ASD
	hjalmr	n	helmet	ASD
	holstr	n.masc	sheath, case	ASD
	höll	n	hall	ASD
Danish:	kælder	n	cellar	TLL
Swedish:	källare	n	cellar	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*and-huleins	n.fem	revelation	GED
	and-huljan	vb.wk	to reveal	GED
	*hilms	n.masc	helmet	GED
	hulistr	n.neut	veil	GED
	huljan	vb.wk.I	to veil, cover	GED
	hulundi	n.fem	cave	GED
Italic
Latin:	cella	n.fem	small room	W7
	cellarium	n.neut	storeroom	W7
	celo, celare	vb	to hide, conceal, keep secret	W7
	-cilium	sfx	to hide	W7
	cilium	n.neut	eyelid	W7
	clam	adv	secretly	GED
	clandestinus	adj	in secret	W7
	color, coloris	n.masc	hue, tint, color	ELD
	concelo, concelare	vb	to hide, conceal	W7
	occulo, occulere, occului, occultus	vb	to conceal, cover up	W7
	occulto, occultare	vb	to occult	W7
	superciliosus	adj	supercilious	W7
	supercilium	n.neut	eyebrow	W7
Late Latin:	Apocalypsis	prop.n	Apocalypse	AHD
	cellariarius	n.masc	cellarer	W7
Medieval Latin:	cilio, ciliare	vb	to seel, close one's eyelids	W7
New Latin:	calyptra	n.fem	archegonium of moss/liverwort	W7
	coleus	n.masc	sheath	W7
	eucalyptus	n.masc	eucalyptus	W7
Portuguese:	côr	n	color	TLL
Spanish:	color	n	color	TLL
Old French:	celerer	n.masc	monastery official in charge of provisions	W7
	celle	n.fem	hermit's cell	W7
	colour	n.fem	color	W7
Anglo-French:	celer	n.masc	storeroom	W7
Middle French:	clandestin	adj.fem	clandestine	W7
	conceler	vb	to conceal	W7
	siller	vb	to blink	W7
French:	couleur	n	color	TLL
Italian:	colore	n	color	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	kelmis	n	hat	GED
Lithuanian:	sálmas	n	helmet	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	kalúptrê	n.fem	veil	LRC
	kalúptô	vb	to veil, hide, cover, conceal	LRC
	Kalupsô	prop.n.fem	Calypso, lit. concealer	LRC
	ko(u)león	n.neut	sheath, scabbard	LRC
Greek:	apokaluptein	vb	to reveal, uncover	AHD
	apokalupsis	n	apocalypse, revelation	AHD
	kalyptos	adj	covered	W7
	kalúptô	vb	to hide, conceal	GED
	kéluphos	n	covering	GED
	koleos	n.masc	sheath, scabbard	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	saranás	vb.ptc	protecting	GED
	sárma	n	shelter, protection	GED
	sala	n	room, building	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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