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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: kenk-, konk- 'to hang, sway, dangle'

Semantic Field: to Drop

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hangian	vb.wk	to hang	W7/ASD
	hengan	vb.wk	to cause to hang	GED
	hon	vb.str.trans	to hang (something)	GED
	hongian	vb.wk	to hang	GED
Middle English:	hangen	vb	to hang	W7
	heng	n	hinge	W7
	hon	vb.trans	to hang (something)	W7
English:	hang, hung	vb.str/wk	to suspend, fasten to elevated point without lower support	AHD/W7
	hanker	vb.intrans	to desire strongly/persistently	AHD/W7
	hinge	n	jointed/flexible device on which door/lid/swinging part turns	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hangia	vb.wk	to hang	GED
	hua	vb.str	to cause to hang	GED
Middle Dutch:	henge	n	hook	W7
	vor-hanc	n	curtain	GED
Flemish:	hangen	vb	to hang	W7
	hankeren	vb.freq	to hang	W7
Old Saxon:	bi-hangan	vb.past.ptc	caused to hang	GED
	hangon	vb.wk	to hang	GED
Old High German:	hahan	vb.str.trans	to hang (something)	GED
	hangen	vb.wk.intrans	to hang	GED
	hengen	vb.wk	to cause to hang	GED
Middle High German:	vür-hanc	n.str.masc	curtain	GED
German:	hängen	vb	to hang, dangle	LRC
	Vorhang	n.masc	curtain	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	háski	n.masc	harm, danger	LRC
Old Icelandic:	hanga	vb.str	to cause to hang	GED
	hanga	vb.wk	to hang	GED
	hengja	vb.wk	to cause to hang	GED
	hætta	n	danger	GED
	hætta	vb	to run a risk	GED
Icelandic:	hanga	vb	to hang	ASD
Swedish:	hänglsen	n.pl	braces	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*at-hahan	vb.str.VII	to set down	GED
	*hahan	vb.str.VII	to hang, keep in suspense	GED
	*hahan	vb.wk.III	to cling to	GED
Italic
Latin:	cunctor, cunctari, cunctatus	vb.dep	to hesitate	LRC
	percunctor, percunctari, percunctatus	vb.dep	to inquire	LRC
Anatolian
Hittite:	gank-	vb	to hang	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	sankate	vb	to doubt	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
III	=	class 3
VII	=	class 7
dep	=	deponent
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
past	=	past (tense)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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