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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. kers- 'to run, course'

Semantic Field: to Run

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	carr	n	vehicle	W7
Middle Welsh:	carr	n	vehicle	W7
English
Old English:	hors-þegn	n.str.masc	horse-thane	LRC
Middle English:	carien	vb	to carry	W7
	carken	vb	to cark	W7
	carpenter	n	carpenter	W7
	carre	n	car	W7
	chargen	vb	to charge	W7
	chariot	n	chariot	W7
	concourse	n	concourse	W7
	concurren	vb	to concur	W7
	course	n	course	W7
	courser	n	courser	W7
	curraunt	adj	current	W7
	dischargen	vb	to discharge	W7
	discours	n	discourse	W7
	intercurse	n	intercourse	W7
	recours	n	recourse	W7
	recurren	vb	to recur	W7
	succur	n	succor	W7
English:	car	n	vehicle on wheels	AHD/W7
	career	n	passage, course	AHD/W7
	cargo	n	freight, goods/merchandise conveyed in/on vehicle	AHD/W7
	caricature	n	exaggeration via distortion of parts/characteristics	AHD/W7
	cariole	n	light one-horse carriage	AHD/W7
	cark	vb	to worry	AHD/W7
	caroche	n	stately/luxurious personal carriage	AHD/W7
	carpenter	n	workman who builds/repairs wooden structures/structural parts	AHD/W7
	carry	vb	to transport, move while supporting	AHD/W7
	charge	vb	to load, lay/put load on/in	AHD/W7
	chariot	n	light 2/4-wheeled carriage	AHD/W7
	concourse	n	merging/coming together	AHD/W7
	concur	vb.intrans	to meet, come together	AHD/W7
	corral	n	pen/enclosure for confining/capturing livestock	AHD/W7
	corrida	n	bullfight	AHD/W7
	corrido	n	Mexican ballad/folksong	AHD
	corridor	n	passageway into which rooms/compartments open	AHD/W7
	corsair	n	pirate, privateer	AHD/W7
	courante	n	Italian dance featuring quick running steps	AHD/W7
	courier	n	messenger	AHD/W7
	course	n	(moving in) path connecting points	AHD/W7
	course	vb	to run, charge, pursue (game)	W7
	courser	n	charger, swift/spirited horse	W7
	current	adj	flowing, running	AHD/W7
	cursive	adj	running, coursing	AHD/W7
	cursor	n.obs	runner	AHD/W2I
	curule	adj	re: seat reserved for highest dignitaries	AHD/W7
	decurrent	adj	extending downward from place of insertion	AHD/CDC
	discharge	vb	to relieve of charge/load/burden	AHD/W7
	discourse	n	rationality, capacity of orderly thought/procedure	AHD/W7
	excursion	n	expedition, going out/forth	AHD/W7
	horse	n	fast, solid-hoofed herbivorous mammal	LRC
	hussar	n	light cavalry horseman	AHD/W7
	incur	vb.trans	to meet with (e.g. loss/inconvenience)	AHD/W7
	intercourse	n	communication, connection between groups/persons	AHD/W7
	kraal	n	rural village	AHD
	occur	vb.intrans	to appear, be found/met with	AHD/W7
	percurrent	adj	running through entire length	AHD/CDC
	precursor	n	one that precedes/indicates approach of another	AHD/W7
	recourse	n	turning to someone/something for help/protection	AHD/W7
	recur	vb.intrans	to resort, have recourse	AHD/W7
	succor	n	relief	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Afrikaans:	kraal	n	kraal, corral	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hross	n.neut	horse	LRC
Italic
Latin:	carpentarius	n.masc	carriage maker	W7
	carra	n.fem	chariot	W7
	carrum	n.neut	chariot	W7
	carrus	n.masc	chariot, of Celtic origin	W7
	concurro, concurrere, concucurri, concursus	vb	to run together	W7
	concursus	n.masc	circuit, itinerary	W7
	curro, currere, cucurri, cursus	vb	to course	W7
	currulis	adj	re: chariot	W7
	currus, currus	n.masc	cart, chariot	LRC
	cursus, cursus	n.masc	course, rapid/running motion	LRC
	discurro, discurrere, discucurri, discursus	vb	to run about	W7
	discursus	n.masc	act of running about	W7
	excurro, excurrere, excucurri, excursus	vb	to extend, run out	W7
	excursio, excursionis	n.fem	attack, act of running out, beginning of speech	W7
	incurro, incurrere	vb	to run into	W7
	intercurro, intercurrere, intercucurri, intercursus	vb	to run between	W7
	intercursus	n.masc	act of running between	W7
	occurro, occurrere	vb	to run towards	W7
	praecurro, praecurrere, praecucurri, praecursus	vb	to run before	W7
	praecursor	n.masc	precursor	W7
	recurro, recurrere, recucurri, recursus	vb	to run back, happen again	W7
	recursus	n.masc	act of running back	W7
	succurro, succurrere, succucurri, succursus	vb	to run up/to help	W7
Late Latin:	carrico, carricare	vb	to load, charge	W7
	disarrico, discarricare	vb	to unload	W7
	discursus	n.masc	speech, argument, conversation	W7
	recursus	n.masc	recourse	W7
Medieval Latin:	carraria	n.fem	vehicular road	W7
	cursarius	adj	re: course	W7
	cursivus	adj	running, cursive writing	W7
	discursus	n.masc	argument	W7
Portuguese:	curral	n	corral	AHD
Spanish:	cargo	n.masc	load, cargo	W7
	corral	n.masc	enclosure	W7
	corrida	n.fem	corrida, act of running	W7
	kargar	vb	to load	W7
Mexican Spanish:	corrido	n.masc	corrido	LRC
Old French:	char	n.masc	wheeled vehicle	W7
	chargier	vb	to charge	W7
	chariot	n.masc	chariot	W7
	courre	vb	to run	W7
	course	n.fem	run, course	W7
	coursier	vb	to course	W7
	curant	vb.pres.ptc	current, running	W7
	sucors	n.masc	aid, help	W7
Old North French:	car	n.masc	vehicle	W7
	carier	vb	to transport in vehicle	W7
	carpentier	n.masc	carpenter	W7
	carquier	vb	to load, burden, worry	W7
Anglo-French:	carre	n.masc	wagon, vehicle	W7
Middle French:	carière	n.fem	career	W7
	carroche	n.fem	carriage	W7
	chariot	n.masc	chariot	W7
	concours	n.masc	concourse, contest	W7
	corridor	n.masc	hallway, corridor	W7
	corsair(e)	n.masc	corsair, pirate	W7
	courante	adj.fem	running	W7
	courir	vb	to run	W7
	courrier	n.masc	mail, courier	W7
	descharger	vb	to unload, discharge	W7
	entercours	n.masc	intercourse	W7
	recours	n.masc	recourse	W7
French:	carriole	n.fem	carriage mounted on wooden bars for riding on snow	W7
	cursive	adj.fem	cursive, re: writing	W7
Old Provençal:	carriera	n.fem	street	W7
	carriola	n.fem	cariole	W7
	corsari	n.masc	pirate	W7
Old Italian:	carro	n.masc	car	W7
	carroccio	n.masc	luxurious carriage	W7
	correre	vb	to run	W7
	corridore	n.masc	hallway, corridor	W7
	corriere	n.masc	courier	W7
	corsaro	n.masc	corsair, pirate	W7
Italian:	caricare	vb	to load, burden	W7
	caricatura	n.fem	caricature	W7
Slavic
Serbian:	husar	n	hussar, highwayman	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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