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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. kleu-, kleuu- : klu- 'to hear, listen'

Semantic Fields: to Hear; to Listen, Harken

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	cloth	n	fame	RPN
	clú	n	fame, renown	RPN
	clúas	n	ear	RPN
English
Old English:	hleoðor	n.neut	song, sound	LRC
	hlud	adj	loud, noisy	RPN
	hlysnan	vb	to listen	W7
	hlyst	n.masc/fem	hearing	W7/ASD
	hlystan	vb.wk	to list	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	listen	vb	to list	W7
	listnen	vb	to listen	W7
	loud	adj	loud	W7
	sclave	n	slave	W7
English:	ablaut	n	systematic vowel variation in same/related root/affix	AHD/W7
	Clio	prop.n	Muse of history/heroic poetry (Greek mythology)	LRC
	Damocles	prop.n	excessively flattering courtier featured in anecdote by Cicero	LRC
	Hercules	prop.n	hero noted for exceptional strength (Greek mythology)	LRC
	list	vb	to hear, listen (to)	AHD/W7
	listen	vb	to hear, give ear to	AHD/W7
	loud	adj	marked by high sound volume/intensity	AHD/W7
	Loudwater	prop.n	a.k.a. Bruinen River in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	sarod	n	many-stringed lute played with plectrum	AHD
	Slav	prop.n	ethnonym of Indo-European in Eastern Europe	TLL
	slave	n	bondman, one held in servitude as chattel	W7
	Slavic	n.prop	re: Slavs or their language	TLL
	umlaut	n	change of vowel sound	AHD/W7
	Wenceslas	prop.n	duke/patron saint of Bohemia	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	hlud	adj	loud	ASD
Old Saxon:	hlud	adj	loud	ASD
	hlust	n	hearing	ASD
Old High German:	hlioda	n	sound	ASD
	hlut	adj	loud	W7
German:	Ablaut	n.masc	ablaut	W7
	laut	adj	loud	W7
	Umlaut	n.masc	umlaut	W7
	Wenzel	prop.n	Wenceslas	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hljóð	n.neut	silence, hearing	LRC
	hljóðr	adj	silent, quiet	LRC
Old Icelandic:	hler	n	listening	RPN
	hlust	n	ear	RPN
	hlyða	vb	to listen	RPN
Icelandic:	hljoð	n	sound	ASD
	hljoðan	n	sound, tune	ASD
	hlust	n	ear	ASD
	hlusta	vb	to listen	ASD
Danish:	lyd	n	sound	ASD
Swedish:	ljud	n	sound	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hliuma	n	hearing	RPN
Italic
Latin:	Clio	n.fem	Clio	W7
	clueo, cluere	vb	to be called/named	RPN
	cluo, cluare	vb	to be called, be famous	RPN
	Damocles	n.masc	Damocles	W7
	Hercules	n.masc	Hercules, Heracles	W7
	inclutus	adj	famous	W7
Middle Latin:	Sclavus	prop.n	Slav	W7
	sclavus	n	slave	W7
Spanish:	esclavo	n	slave	TLL
Old French:	esclave	n	slave	W7
French:	esclave	n	slave	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	klausiton	vb	to hear	RPN
Lithuanian:	klausau, klausýti	vb	to listen	RPN
Latvian:	izklausit, izklausu, izklausiju	vb	to ask, inquire	LRC
	klàusît	vb	to listen	RPN
Slavic
Slovenian:	slúsati	vb	to listen	RPN
Old Church Slavonic:	slava	n.fem	fame, glory	LRC
	slaviti, slavl'jo, slavisi	vb	to glorify	LRC
	slovo	n.neut	word	LRC
	slovo, sluti	vb	to be renowned	RPN
	sluxu'	n.masc	hearing, fame, rumor	LRC
	slysati, slysajo, slysajesi	vb	to hear	LRC
	slysati, slyso, slysisi	vb	to hear	LRC
Russian:	slúsat'	vb	to listen	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	akleós	adj	without fame	LRC
	Damokles	n.masc	Damocles	W7
	Herakles	n.masc	Hercules	W7
	Kleio	n.fem	Clio	W7
	kléos	n	report; fame, glory	RPN
	kléô	vb	to celebrate, make famous	RPN
	klutós	vb.past.pass.ptc	heard	RPN
	klytos	adj	famous	W7
	klúô	vb	to hear	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	lur	adj	silent	LRC
	lur	n	hearing; news, report; voice	LRC
	lsem	vb	to hear, listen	LRC
Armenian:	lu	vb.past.ptc/n	heard; news, fame	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	surunaoiti	vb	to hear	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	srnóti	vb	to hear	RPN
	srávas-	n	praise, fame, glory	RPN
	srutá-h	vb.past.pass.ptc	heard	RPN
	srosati	vb	to hear	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	kälywe	n	reputation, renown	RPN
	klautso	n	ear	RPN
	klaw-	vb	to be called/named	RPN
	klawi	n	fame	RPN
	klyaus-	vb	to listen, hear	RPN
Tocharian A:	klaw-	vb	to be called/named	RPN
	klots	n	ear	RPN
	klyos-	vb	to listen, hear	RPN
	klyw-	n	reputation, renown	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pass	=	passive (voice)
past	=	past (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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