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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: kolumo-s, koluma 'reed, stalk, stem, culm'

Semantic Field: Grass

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	healm	n.neut	haulm	W7/ASD
Middle English:	halm	n	haulm	W7
	schalme	n	shawm	W7
English:	calamari	n	squid as food	AHD
	calamite	n	Paleozoic fossil plant resembling horsetail	AHD/W7
	calamus	n	(root/stem of) sweet flag	AHD/W7
	calumet	n	ornamented ceremonial Amerindian pipe	AHD/W7
	caramel	n	amorphous brittle brown residue from heated sugar	AHD/W7
	culm	n	grass stem	AHD/W7
	haulm	n	stems/tops of cultivated plants (e.g. peas, beans, potatoes)	AHD/W7
	shawm	n	double-reed woodwind instrument	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	halm	n	haulm	W7
German:	Halm	n	haulm	ASD
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	halmr	n.masc	straw, haulm	ASD
Italic
Latin:	calamus	n.masc	reed, cane; straw, stalk; calamus	W7/ELD
	culmus	n.masc	culm, stalk	W7
Late Latin:	calamellus	n.masc.dim	small reed	W7
New Latin:	Calamites	n.masc.pl	(genus of) fossil plants	W7
Portuguese:	caramelo	n.masc	caramel; icicle	W7
Spanish:	caramelo	n.masc	caramel	W7
Middle French:	chalemie	n.fem	reed, shawm	W7
French:	caramel	n.masc	caramel	W7
American French:	calumet	n.masc	calumet	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	kálamos	n.masc	reed, cane; straw, stalk; calamus	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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