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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: kues-, kus- 'to pant, puff, sigh, wheeze'

Semantic Field: to Breathe; Breath

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hwæst	n	action of blowing	W7
Middle English:	querele	n	quarrel, dispute	W7
	whesen	vb	to wheeze	W7
English:	cyst	n	abnormal closed sac having distinct membrane	AHD/W7
	quarrel	n	ground for dispute/complaint	AHD/W7
	querulous	adj	captious, habitually complaining	AHD/W7
	wheeze	vb.intrans	to breathe with difficulty	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Zyste	n.fem	cyst	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hvæsa	vb	to hiss	W7
Italic
Latin:	querela	n.fem	complaint	W7
	queror, queri	vb	to complain	W7
	querulus	adj	complaining	W7
New Latin:	cystis	n.fem	cyst, sac, bladder	W7
Middle French:	querele	n.fem	complaint	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	svilpti, svilpia, svilpe	vb	to whistle	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	kystis	n.fem	bladder	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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