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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: kuet-, kuut- : kut- 'to shake, winnow'

Semantic Field: to Shake

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	discussen	vb	to discuss	W7
	paste	n	paste	W7
	rescuen	vb	to rescue	W7
English:	cascara	n	buckthorn	AHD/W7
	cask	n	barrel-shaped vessel (for liquids)	AHD/W7
	concuss	vb.trans	to affect with concussion	AHD/W7
	discuss	vb.trans	to dispel	AHD/W7
	pasta	n	paste in fresh/processed form (e.g. ravioli/spaghetti)	AHD/W7
	paste	n	dough containing significant proportion of fat	AHD/W7
	pastel	n	paste of ground color	AHD/W7
	pastis	n	French licorice-flavored liqueur	AHD
	pastry	n	(sweet) baked dough/paste	AHD
	pâte	n	paste/plastic material for pottery/porcelain	AHD/W7
	pâté	n	meat/fish pie/patty	AHD/W7
	patisserie	n	French pastry shop/bakery	AHD
	patty	n	little pie	AHD/W7
	percuss	vb.trans	to tap sharply	AHD/W7
	rescue	vb.trans	to deliver, save, free from evil/danger/confinement	AHD/W7
	scutch	vb.trans	to beat (flax/hemp) to separate woody fiber	AHD/W7
	soukous	n	rumba-like W African dance music	AHD
	squash	vb	to crush, press/beat into pulp/flat mass	AHD/W7
	succussion	n	state/action/process of shaking/being shaken	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Pasta	n.fem	pasta	LRC
	Pastell	n.neut	pastel	LRC
N-Germanic
Danish:	kasket	n	cap, hat	TLL
Italic
Latin:	concussus	vb.ptc	shocked, shaken	W7
	discutio, discutere, discussi, discussus	vb	to shatter, disperse	W7
	excutio, excutere	vb	to shake out	W7
	executo, executere	vb	to beat out	W7
	percussus	vb.ptc	struck	W7
	quasso, quassare	vb.freq	to shake violently	W7
	quatio, quatere	vb	to shake, strike	W7
	succussio, succussionis	n.fem	running to help	W7
	succutio, succutere, succussi, sucussus	vb	to fling up	W7
Vulgar Latin:	excutico, excuticare	vb	to beat out	W7
	exquasso, exquassare	vb	to shake	W7
	quassico, quassicare	vb	to shake, break	W7
Late Latin:	pasta	n.fem	dough, flour paste	W7
	pastellus	n.masc.dim	woad (European herb)	W7
Spanish:	cascar	vb	to break	W7
	cáscara	n.fem	bark	W7
	casco	n.masc	skull, helmet, potsherd	W7
Old French:	escourre	vb	to shake out	W7
	paste	n.fem	paste, dough	W7
	pasté	n.fem	meat pie	W7
	rescourre	vb	to free, save, rescue	W7
Middle French:	casque	n.masc	helmet	W7
	esquasser	vb	to shake	W7
	paste	n.fem	paste, dough	W7
	rescourre	n.fem	rescue	W7
French:	casquette	n.fem.dim	cap, hat, lit. small helmet	LRC
	pastel	adj	soft colors	W7
	pâte	n.fem	paste, dough	W7
	pâté	n.masc	pie (with meat fillings)	W7
	pâtisserie	n.fem	pastry, patisserie	LRC
Italian:	pasta	n.fem	dough, paste, pasta	W7
	pastèllo	n.masc	pastel, colored crayon	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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