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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 1. k^ue '(enclitic) and'

Semantic Field: to Join, Unite

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	-ch	enc.pcl	any	RPN
English
English:	sesqui-	pfx	one and a half	AHD/W7
	sesquipedal	adj	sesquipedalian	AHD
	sesquipedalian	adj	one and a half feet tall/long	AHD
	ubiquity	n	omnipresence, simultaneous presence everywhere	AHD/W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	hva-h	pron	each, every, etc.	RPN
	ni-h	adv	not	RPN
	-(u)h	enc.pcl	and, but, now, then, therefore	GED
Italic
Oscan:	ne-p/ni-p	conj	and not	RPN
Umbrian:	nei-p/ni-p	conj	and not	RPN
Latin:	-c	enc.pcl	each, every, everyone	RPN
	ne-c/ne-que	conj	and not	RPN
	-que	enc.conj/pcl	and	LRC
	sesqui-	pfx	one and a half	W7
	ubique	adv	everywhere	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	kaí	conj	and, also	RPN
	te	enc.conj	and	LRC
Anatolian
Luwian:	-ku(-wa)	enc.conj	also, furthermore	RPN
Hittite:	-k(k)u	enc.conj	and, now, even	RPN
	kuisku	indef.pron	someone	RPN
Palaic:	-ku	enc.conj	and	RPN
Lydian:	-k	enc.conj	and, also	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	inc'	indef.adj/n	some, any; a thing	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	-ca	enc.conj	and	RPN
Avestan:	-ca	enc.conj	and	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	ca	enc.conj	and, also, as well as	RPN
Pali:	ca	enc.conj	and, then, now	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
enc	=	enclitic
indef	=	indefinite
n	=	noun
pcl	=	particle
pfx	=	prefix
pron	=	pronoun

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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