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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: k^ued-, k^uod- 'to bore, drill, prick, stab'

Semantic Fields: to Bore; to Press; Knife (tool)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hwæs(s)	adj	sharp, prickly	RPN/ASD
	hwæt	adj	quick, active, bold	RPN
	hwettan	vb.wk	to whet; to incite	RPN/ASD
Middle English:	whetten	vb	to whet	W7
English:	triquetrous	adj	triangular, having three acute angles	AHD/W7
	triquetrum	n	wedge-shaped carpal bone	AHD
	whet	vb.trans	to sharpen by rubbing against something	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	wetten	vb	to sharpen	RPN
Old Saxon:	hwat	adj	quick, active, bold	ASD
Old High German:	(h)waz	adj	sharp, rough, severe	RPN
	wezzan, wezzen	vb	to sharpen, whet	RPN
German:	wetzen	vb	to whet	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hvass	adj	sharp, prickly	LRC
Old Icelandic:	hvetja	vb	to whet, sharpen	RPN
Icelandic:	hvass	adj	sharp	ASD
	hvatr	adj	quick, active, bold	ASD
	hvetja	vb	to whet, incite	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-hvatjan	vb	to sharpen; to incite, entice	RPN
	hwass-aba	adv	sharply	ASD
Italic
Latin:	triquetrus	adj	triquetrous, three-cornered	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
n	=	noun
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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