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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: manu-s, or monu-s 'man, human being'

Semantic Fields: Man; Human Being

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	monn/man	n.str.masc	man, person; (name for) M-rune	LRC
	mon(n)-cynn/man(n)-cynn	n.neut	mankind	LRC
	wif-man(n), wif-men	n.str.masc	woman, lit. wife-man	W7/ASD
	wim-man(n), wim-men	n.str.masc	woman, lit. wife-man	ASD
Middle English:	lefman/leman	n	leman, lit. lief-man	W7
	man	n	man	W7
	mankunde/mankyn(de)	n	mankind	MEV
	Norman	prop.n	Viking, lit. north-man	W7
	woman, women	n	woman	W7
	yoman	n	yeoman	W7
English:	Barliman	prop.n	Bree innkeeper in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	fugleman	n	trained soldier posted as model for men at drill	AHD/W7
	Holman	prop.n	hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	leman	n	lover, sweetheart	AHD/W7
	man, men	n.str	adult male human being	AHD/W7
	manikin	n	mannequin	AHD/W7
	mankind	n	human race, all human beings	W7
	mannequin	n	lay figure for artist/tailor/dressmaker	AHD/W7
	Mansbane	prop.n	a.k.a. Felarof in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Manu	prop.n	progenitor of human race (Hinduism)	AHD/CDC
	mens(c)h	n	one having admirable characteristics	AHD
	merman, mermen	n	fabled marine creature: fish-tailed man	W7
	muzhik	n	Russian peasant	AHD
	Norman	prop.n	man from Normandy (esp. ca. 1066)	AHD/W7
	ombudsman	n	one who investigates complaints and mediates settlements	AHD
	Púkel-men	prop.n.pl	Wose-like statues in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Sandyman	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Saruman	prop.n	treacherous white wizard in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	westmansweed	n	pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	woman, women	n	adult female human being	W7
	Woodmen	prop.n.pl	Mirkwood dwellers in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	yeoman, yeomen	n	officer/attendant in royal/noble household	AHD/W7
British English:	charwoman	n	woman hired to clean house/office	W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	man	n	man	W7
	mannekijn	n	little man	W7
Dutch:	bemanning	n	crew	TLL
	man	n	man, husband	TLL
	mannekijn	n	little man	W7
	mins	n	man	LRC
Old Saxon:	man-kunni	n	mankind	ASD
Old High German:	man	n.masc	man	W7
	man-chunni	n.neut	mankind	ASD
	mennisco	n	human being	AHD
Middle High German:	mensch	n.masc	human being	AHD
German:	Flügelmann	n.masc	fugleman	W7
	Mann	n.masc	man	W7
	Mannschaft	n	crew	TLL
	Mensch	n.masc	man, person, human being	LRC
Yiddish:	Mensch	n.masc	mensch, human being	AHD
N-Germanic
Runic:	*mannaz	n	man; (name for) M-rune	LRC
Old Norse:	maðr	n.masc	man, person; husband; henchman	LRC
	Norþmaðr	n	Norseman	W7
Old Icelandic:	mann-kyn	n.fem	mankind	ASD
Danish:	mand	n	man, husband	TLL
	mandskab	n	crew	TLL
	menneske	n	man	LRC
Swedish:	man	n.masc	man	TLL
	människa	n	man	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	manna	n.irr.masc	man	LRC
Italic
Old French:	Normant	adj	Norman, from Normandy	W7
French:	mannequin	n.masc	model, dress stand	W7
Slavic
Russian:	muzh	n	man, male	AHD
Indic
Sanskrit:	manuh	n	man	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
irr	=	irregular
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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