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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. mei- 'to mure, repair, strengthen; pole'

Semantic Fields: to Do, Make; Beam

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	mæran/maran	vb.wk	to declare, make known; fix/mark meres	ASD/OED
	mære	n.neut	mere	W7/ASD
Middle English:	me(a)ren	vb	to fix/mark meres	OED
	mere	n	mere	W7
	muren	vb	to mure	W7
English:	ammunition	n	projectiles fired from weapons	AHD/W7
	immure	vb.trans	to enclose within walls	AHD/W7
	mere	n	border, landmark, boundary	AHD/W7
	Mering	prop.n	Rohan/Gondor stream in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	mete	n	boundary	AHD/W7
	munition	n	defense, rampart	AHD/W7
	mural	adj	re: wall	AHD/W7
	mural	n	mural painting	W7
	mure	vb.trans	to immure	AHD/W7
	praemunire	n	offense against English Crown	AHD/W7
	premunition	n	advance provision of protection	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	muur	n	wall	TLL
Old Saxon:	marian	vb	to declare, make known	ASD
Old High German:	marian	vb	to declare, make known	ASD
	mura	n	wall	KDW
German:	Mauer	n	wall	TLL
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	mæra	vb	to declare, make known	ASD
	mærr	n	mere, border land	ASD
Danish:	mur	n	wall	TLL
Swedish:	mur	n	wall	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	merjan	vb	to proclaim, announce	ASD
Italic
Latin:	meta	n.fem	pyramid used as turning post	W7
	moenia, moenium	n.neut	wall(s)	LRC
	munimentum, munimenti	n.neut	defense	LRC
	munio, munire, munivi, munitus	vb	to wall, fortify	W7
	munitio, munitionis	n.fem	fortification	W7
	muralis	adj	mural	W7
	murus, muri	n.masc	(city) wall	LRC
	praemunio, praemunire, praemunivi, praemunitus	vb	to fortify in advance	W7
	praemunitio, praemunitionis	n.fem	premunition	W7
Late Latin:	muro, murare	vb	to mure	W7
Medieval Latin:	immuro, immurare	vb	to immure	W7
	praemunio, praemunire	vb	to fortify	W7
Anglo-French:	mete	n.masc	mete	W7
Middle French:	amunition	n.fem	ammunition	W7
	munition	n.fem	munition	W7
	murer	vb	to mure	W7
French:	mur	n	wall	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	mesto	n.neut	place	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	mur	n	wall	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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