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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. men- 'to think; mind, spiritual activity'

Semantic Fields: to Think, Reflect; Mind

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	domoiniur	vb	to think, believe	LRC
English
Old English:	gemynd	n	mind, memory	W7
	gemyndig/gemindig	adj	mindful	ASD
	mani(ge)an, manode, manod	vb.wk.II	to warn, exhort, (ad)monish	ASD
	myne	n.masc	mind	ASD
Middle English:	admonesten	vb	to admonish	W7
	comment	n	comment	W7
	-mancie	n.sfx	-mancy	W7
	mania	n	mania	W7
	memento	n	memento	W7
	mencioun	n	mention	W7
	mind	n	mind	W7
	mones(t)en	vb	to monish	W7
	monicioun	n	monition	W7
	monument	n	monument	W7
	musik	n	music	W7
	musycke	n	mosaic	W7
	somonen	vb	to summon	W7
English:	admonish	vb.trans	to indicate duties/obligations to	AHD/W7
	ament	n	indeterminate spicate inflorescence	AHD/W7
	amentia	n	insufficient mental development	AHD
	amnesia	n	loss of memory due to shock/fatigue/illness/injury/repression	AHD/W7
	amnesty	n	grant of pardon to group of individuals	AHD/W7
	anamnesis	n	reminiscence, recalling to mind	AHD/W7
	automatic	adj	largely/wholly involuntary	AHD/W7
	balletomane	n	ballet devotee	AHD/W7
	comment	n	explanatory treatise/record of events	AHD/W7
	dement	vb	to make insane, destroy mind	AHD/CDC
	Eumenides	prop.n.pl	female chthonic deities of vengeance (Greek mythology)	LRC
	Evermind	prop.n	Rohan (grave) flower in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	maenad	n	bacchante, woman participating in orgiastic Dionysian rites	AHD/W7
	-mancer	n.sfx	diviner	LRC
	-mancy	n.sfx	divination	AHD/W7
	mandarin	n	high public official in Chinese Empire	AHD
	mania	n	excitement shown by mental/physical hyperactivity	AHD/W7
	maniac	adj/n	(re:) madman/lunatic	AHD/W7
	manic	adj	re: mania	AHD
	mantic	adj	prophetic, re: faculty of divination	AHD/W7
	mantis	n	predatory insect	AHD/W7
	mantra	n	mystical formula of invocation/incantation (Hinduism and Buddhism)	AHD/W7
	memento	n	something serving to warn/remind	AHD/W7
	mental	adj	re: mind	AHD/W7
	mention	n	act/instance of citing/calling attention in casual/incidental manner	AHD/W7
	Mentor	prop.n	Odysseus' trusted friend/adviser	AHD
	mentor	n	wise/trusted teacher/counselor	AHD
	mind	n	memory, recollection	AHD/W7
	minikin	n	small/dainty creature	AHD/W7
	minnesinger	n	German lyric poet/musician of 12th-14th centuries	AHD/W7
	mnemonic	adj	re: assisting memory	AHD/W7
	Mnemosyne	prop.n	personification of memory, Titan daughter of Gaia/Uranus (Greek mythology)	LRC
	monish	vb.trans	to admonish	AHD/W7
	monition	n	caution, warning	AHD/W7
	monitor	n	student appointed to assist teacher	AHD/W7
	monument	n	sepulcher, burial vault	AHD/W7
	mosaic	n	surface decoration made with pieces of material forming picture/pattern	AHD/W7
	Muse	prop.n	a goddess of art/science/music/poetry (Greek mythology)	AHD
	museum	n	institution for procuring/displaying interesting objects of value	AHD/W7
	music	n	art/science of composing intelligible combinations of tones	AHD/W7
	Necromancer	prop.n	Sauron in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	necromancy	n	conjuration of/divination re: dead spirits	AHD/W7
	premonition	n	forewarning, previous warning/notice	AHD/W7
	reminisce	vb	to remember, indulge in reminiscence	W7
	reminiscent	adj	re: reminiscence, recalling to mind	AHD/W7
	rhabdomancy	n	divination by rods/wands	AHD/W7
	Simbelmynë	prop.n	a.k.a. Evermind in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	summon	vb.trans	to convoke, issue call to convene	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	monia	vb	to claim; monish	ASD
Dutch:	minneken	n	darling, minikin	W7
Old Saxon:	manon	vb	to warn, suggest, monish	ASD
Old High German:	gimunt	n.fem	mind, memory	W7/ASD
	manon/manen	vb	to warn, suggest, monish	ASD
Middle High German:	minnesinger	n.masc	minnesinger, courtly love singer	W7
German:	mahnen	vb	to monish	LRC
	Minnesinger	n.masc	minnesinger	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	minni	n	memory	KNW
	muna	vb	to remember	LRC
	munu	vb	to will, be about to	LRC
Icelandic:	munr	n	mind; longing; love	ASD
Swedish:	minne	n	memory	SAO
	minnesvård	n	monument	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	gamunds	n.fem	memory, remembrance	ASD
	munan	vb	to think	LRC
	muns	n	purpose, device, readiness	ASD
Italic
Latin:	admoneo, admonere	vb	to warn, admonish	W7
	amens, amentis	adj	mad, insane, senseless	AHD/CLD
	amentia	n	folly, madness, senselessness, amentia	AHD
	amnestia	n	amnesty	AHD
	commentum	n.neut	invention	W7
	comminiscor, comminisci, commentus	vb.dep	to invent, imagine	W7
	Eumenides	prop.n.fem.pl	Eumenides	W7
	maenas, maenadis	n.fem	maenad	W7
	-mantia	sfx	divination	W7
	memini, meminisse	vb	to remember	W7
	mens, mentis	n.fem	mind	LRC
	mentio, mentionis	n.fem	a mention, act of mentioning	W7
	mentior, mentiri	vb.dep	to lie, mislead, deceive	LRC
	Mentor	prop.n.masc	Mentor	AHD/ELD
	-minisci	sfx	remembering	W7
	Mnemosyne	prop.n.fem	Mnemosyne, personification of Memory	W7
	moneo, monere, monui, monitus	vb	to warn, monish	W7
	monitio, monitionis	n.fem	act of warning	W7
	monitor	n.masc	one who warns	W7
	monumentum	n.neut	memorial	W7
	Musa	prop.n.fem	Muse	W7
	Museum	n.neut	place for learned occupation	W7
	musica	n.fem	music	W7
	praemoneo, praemonere, praemonui, praemonitus	vb	to warn in advance	W7
	reminiscor, reminisci	vb.dep	to reminisce	W7
	summoneo, summonere	vb	to remind secretly	W7
Vulgar Latin:	admonesto, admonestare	vb	to admonish	W7
	monesto, monestare	vb	to warn, monish	W7
	summoneo, summonere	vb	to summon	W7
Late Latin:	mania	n.fem	folly	W7
	maniacus	adj	crazy	W7
	mentalis	adj	re: mind	W7
	musivus	adj	artistic, re: muse	W7
	praemonitio, praemonitionis	n.fem	warning, premonition	W7
Medieval Latin:	musaicum	n.neut	mosaic	W7
New Latin:	amentum	adj.neut	mad	W7
	amnesia	n.fem	amnesia	W7
	anamnesis	n.fem	remembrance	W7
	mantis	n.fem	preying insect	W7
Portuguese:	mandarim	n	mandarin	W7
Old French:	-mancie	afx	divination	W7
	mention	n.fem	a mention	W7
	monester	vb	to warn, monish	W7
	musique	n.fem	music	W7
	somondre	vb	to summon	W7
Middle French:	admonester	vb	to admonish	W7
	monition	n.fem	warning	W7
	mosaique	n.fem	mosaic	W7
	premonition	n.fem	premonition	W7
French:	mensonge	n	lie, deceit, prevarication	TLL
	Mentor	prop.n	Mentor	AHD
	mentor	n	mentor	AHD
Old Italian:	mosaico	n.masc	mosaic	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	manýti, mãno, mãne	vb	to think	LRC
	mineti, mìni, minejo	vb	to remember	LRC
	mintìs	n.fem	thought	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	mi'neti, mi'njo, mi'nisi	vb	to think, believe	LRC
	pameti'	n.fem	memory	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	mund	vb.mod	can, may	IEW
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	Méntôr	prop.n	Mentor, lit. adviser	ELD
Greek:	amnes(t)ia	n.fem	amnesia, forgetfulness	W7
	amnestos	adj	forgotten	W7
	anamimneskesthai	vb	to remember	W7
	anamnesis	n.fem	remembrance	W7
	autómatos	adj	by itself, self-acting	LRC
	dusméneia	n.fem	hate, enmity	LRC
	mainas, mainados	n.fem	maenad	W7
	mainomai	vb	to be mad	W7
	mania	n.fem	craziness	W7
	manikos	adj	crazy	W7
	-manteia	sfx	divination	W7
	manteia	n.fem	divination	W7
	mantikos	adj	of divination	W7
	mantis	n.masc	prophet, diviner	W7
	-matos	sfx	moving	W7
	menos	n.neut	spirit	W7
	mênis	n.fem	anger	LRC
	mimneskomai	vb	to remember	W7
	mnaomai	vb	to remember	W7
	mnêmeîon	n.neut	tomb	LRC
	mnemonikos	adj	of memory	W7
	Mnemosyne	prop.n.fem	Mnemosyne	W7
	mnemon	adj	mindful	W7
	Mousa	prop.n.fem	Muse	W7
	Mouseion	prop.n.neut	the Museum	W7
	Mouseios	prop.n.masc	Mousaios	W7
	mousike	n.fem	any art presided over by the Muses	W7
	mousikos	adj	re: Muses	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	me-mai	vb	to speak	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	imanam	vb	to learn, understand	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	manyeite	vb	to think	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	mánas	n	mind	LRC
	mantra	n	mantra, sacred counsel	W7
	mantrin	n	counsellor	W7
	má(n)yate	vb	to think	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
afx	=	affix
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
mod	=	modal
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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