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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: menda 'flaw, defect, mistake'

Semantic Field: Error, Mistake

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	amenden	vb	to amend	W7
	emenden	vb	to emend	W7
	menden	vb	to mend	W7
English:	amend	vb	to put right	AHD/W7
	emend	vb.trans	to correct defects	AHD/W7
	mend	vb	to reform, improve in manners/morals	AHD/W7
	mendacious	adj	given to falsehood/deception	AHD/W7
	mendicant	n	person who begs	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	emendo, emendare	vb	to emend, improve	W7
	menda	n.fem	fault	W7
	mendax, mendacis	adj	lying, mendacious	W7
	mendicans, mendicantis	adj/vb.ptc	begging	W7
	mendico, mendicare	vb	to beg	W7
	mendicus	n.masc	beggar, mendicant	W7
Old French:	amender	vb	to amend	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	minda	n	physical defect	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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