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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: menot, genitive meneses, from which menes-, mens-, mes-, men- 'month; moon'

Semantic Fields: Month; Moon

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	blot-monaþ	n.masc	November, lit. blood-month (of sacrifice)	ASD
	easter-monaþ	n.masc	April, lit. Easter-month	ASD
	halig-monaþ	n.masc	September, lit. holy-month (of sacrifice)	ASD
	mona	n.masc	moon	W7/ASD
	mon(a)ð	n.masc	month	ASD
	Sol-monaþ	prop.n.masc	February, lit. mire-month	ASD
Middle English:	mone	n	moon	W7
	month	n	month	W7
English:	amenorrhea	n	abnormal absence/suppression of menstrual discharge	AHD/W7
	bimestrial	adj	bimonthly, recurring/continuing in/for 2 months	AHD/W7
	Blotmath/Blodmath/Blommath	prop.n	Shire calendar's November in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	catamenia	n	menses	AHD/W7
	dysmenorrhea	n	painful/difficult/laborious menstruation	AHD/CDC
	emmenagogue	n	agent promoting menstrual discharge	AHD/W7
	Halimath	prop.n	Shire calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Harvestmath	prop.n	Bree calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	menarche	n	first menstrual period	AHD
	meniscus	n	crescent, crescent-shaped body	AHD/W7
	menopause	n	natural cessation of menstruation	AHD/W7
	menses	n	menstrual flow	AHD/W7
	menstrual	adj	re: menstruation	AHD
	menstruate	vb.intrans	to discharge blood/tissue/secretion debris from uterus	AHD/W7
	menstruation	n	(monthly) discharge of uterine blood/tissue/secretions	W7
	mensural	adj	re: polyphonic music where notes have precise time value	AHD/W7
	month	n	measure of time originally defined by period of moon's revolution	AHD/W7
	moon	n	earth's only natural satellite	AHD/W7
	moonshine	n	moonlight	W7
	semester	n	six months	AHD/W7
	So(l)math	prop.n	Shire calendar's February in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	trimester	n	(about) three months	AHD/W7
	Wedmath	prop.n	Shire calendar's August in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Yulemath	prop.n	Bree calendar's December in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	mona	n.masc	moon	ASD
	monath	n	month	ASD
Dutch:	maan	n.fem	moon	ASD
Old Saxon:	mano	n.masc	moon	ASD
Old Low German:	manuth	n	month	ASD
Old High German:	mano	n.masc	moon	W7/ASD
	manod	n	month	W7
Middle High German:	man(d)e/mant	n.masc/fem	moon	ASD
German:	Monat	n.masc	month	ASD
	Mond	n.masc	moon	ASD
	Semester	n.neut	six months	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	máni	n.masc	moon	LRC
Icelandic:	máni	n.masc	moon	ASD
	mánuðr	n	month	ASD
Danish:	maane	n	moon	LRC
	maaned	n	month	ASD
Swedish:	monad	n	month	ASD
	måne	n	moon	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	mena	n.masc	moon	ASD
	menoþs	n	month	ASD
Crimean Gothic:	mine	n	moon	CGo
Italic
Latin:	bimestris	adj	bimestrial	W7
	mensis	n.masc	month	W7
	menstrua	n.neut.pl	mentruations	W7
	menstruus	adj	monthly	W7
	mensura	n.fem	measure	W7
	semestris	adj	half-yearly	W7
	trimestris	adj	of three months	W7
Late Latin:	menstruor, menstruari, mestruatus	vb.dep	to menstruate	W7
	mensuralis	adj	re: measures	W7
New Latin:	amenorrhea	n.fem	absence of menstruation	W7
	catamenia	n.fem	catamenia	W7
	meniscus	n.masc	meniscus	W7
French:	ménopause	n.fem	menopause	W7
	trimestre	n.masc	trimester	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	menesis	n.masc	month	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	meseci'	n.masc	moon, month	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	emmenos	adj	monthly	W7
	katamenia	n.fem	catamenia	W7
	katamenios	adj	monthly	W7
	mên	n.masc	month	LRC
	mênás	n.fem	moon	LS
	mênê	n.fem	moon	LS
	mênískos	n.masc	meniscus	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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