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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: mu-r, genitive mu-n-és, mntós 'hand'

Semantic Field: Hand

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	muntar	n	family	LRC
English
Old English:	mund	n.fem	hand; shelter, protection	LRC
	mund-beorh	n.masc	sheltering-hill	ASD
	mundian	vb.wk	to guard, protect	ASD
Middle English:	comanden	vb	to command	W7
	commenden	vb	to commend	W7
	countermaunden	vb	to countermand	W7
	demaunden	vb	to demand	W7
	manere	n	manner	W7
	manicle	n	manacle	W7
	manuel	adj	manual	W7
	manumitten	vb	to manumit	W7
	recommenden	vb	to praise	W7
	remaunden	vb	to remand	W7
English:	amanuensis	n	secretary, one employed to copy manuscript/write from dictation	AHD/W7
	command	n	act of commanding, unit commanded	W7
	command	vb	to order, direct authoritatively	AHD/W7
	commando	n	military unit/command; raiding expedition	AHD/W7
	commend	vb	to entrust for care/preservation	AHD/W7
	countermand	vb.trans	to revoke (earlier command) by contrary order	AHD/W7
	demand	n	(act of) demanding, asking with authority	W7
	demand	vb	to ask (for), claim as due	AHD/W7
	emancipate	vb.trans	to release from one's care/responsibility granting legal rights	AHD/W7
	Éomund	prop.n	chief marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	manacle	n	handcuff, shackle for hand/wrist	AHD/W7
	manage	n	action/paces of trained riding horse	AHD/W7
	manage	vb	to control, handle	AHD/W7
	mandamus	n	writ issued by superior court commanding performance of specified official act/duty	AHD/W7
	mandate	n	authoritative command	AHD/W7
	manege	n	school for training horses/teaching horsemanship	AHD/W7
	manicotti	n	pasta tubes stuffed with meat/cheese	AHD
	manicure	n	manicurist	AHD/W7
	manicurist	n	one who treats hands/nails	W7
	maniple	n	long narrow band worn over left arm by ministers at mass	AHD/W7
	manipulation	n	treating/operating by hand	AHD/W7
	manner	n	sort, kind	AHD/W7
	manque	adj	short of/frustrated in fulfillment of talents/aspirations	AHD/W7
	manual	adj	re: hands	AHD/W7
	manubrium	n	anatomical part/process shaped like handle	AHD/W7
	manumit	vb.trans	to release from slavery	AHD/W7
	manus	n	distal segment of vertebrate forelimb including carpus and hand/forefoot	AHD/W7
	manuscript	adj/n	(re:) handwritten document	AHD/W7
	Mundberg/Mundburg	prop.n	a.k.a. Minas Tirith in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	quadrumanous	adj	four-handed, having four feet with with opposable first digits	AHD/CDC
	recommend	vb.trans	to present as worth trial/acceptance	AHD/W7
	remand	vb.trans	to order back	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	mund	n	guardian(ship)	ASD
Dutch:	commando	n	command	AHD/W7
Afrikaans:	kommando	n	commando	AHD/W7
Old Saxon:	mund	n	hand	ASD
	mundon	vb	to guard, protect	ASD
Old High German:	mund	n	hand, protection	LRC
	munton	vb	to guard, protect, defend	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	mund	n	hand	LRC
	mundr	n	bride-price	LRC
Icelandic:	mund	n.fem	hand	ASD
Italic
Latin:	amanuensis	n.masc	slave with secretarial duties	W7
	commendo, commendare	vb	to commend, commit to one's charge	W7
	emancipo, emancipare, emancipavi, emancipatus	vb	to abandon property of, release from paternal authority	W7
	manceps, mancipis	n.masc	purchaser	W7
	mancipo, mancipare	vb	to transfer ownership of	W7
	mandatum	n.neut	mission, charge	W7
	mando, mandare, mandavi, mandatum	vb	to commit, entrust, command	LRC
	manicae, manicarum	n.fem	long sleeves	LRC
	manicula	n.fem	little hand, plough handle	W7
	manipulus	n.masc	handful	W7
	manualis	adj	of the hand	W7
	manuarius	adj	of the hand	W7
	manubrium	n.neut	handle	W7
	manumitto, manumittere	vb	to free a slave	W7
	manus, manus	n.fem	hand	LRC
Vulgar Latin:	commando, commandare	vb	to command	W7
	manuaria	adj.fem	of the hand	W7
Late Latin:	remando, remandare	vb	to send back word	W7
Medieval Latin:	demando, demandare	vb	to ask via messenger	W7
	manipulus	n.masc	handful	W7
	recommendo, recommendare	vb	to recommend	W7
New Latin:	manubrium	n.neut	anatomical part/process shaped like handle	W7
	manus	n.masc	distal segment of vertebrate forelimb	W7
Portuguese:	mandarim	n.masc	public official in Chinese Empire	W7
Spanish:	comandar	vb	to command	AHD/W7
	comando	n	command	AHD/W7
	mandarin	n.masc	mandarin (small orange)	W7
	mandarina	n.fem	fruit of mandarin tree	W7
Old French:	comander	vb	to command	W7
	maniere	n.fem	manner, way of acting	W7
Middle French:	contremander	vb	to countermand	W7
	demander	vb	to demand	W7
	mandat	n.masc	mission	W7
	mander	vb	to command	W7
	manicle	n.fem	manacle	W7
	manuel	n	handbook	W7
	manumitter	vb	to free a slave	W7
	remander	vb	to send back word	W7
French:	commander	vb	to command	AHD/W7
	mandarine	n.fem	mandarin (small orange)	W7
	manège	n.masc	manege, roller-coaster	W7
	manipulation	n.fem	manipulation	W7
	manipule	n.masc	Roman army standard, fabric band worn by priest	W7/R1
	manque	n.masc	lack, need of	W7
	manquer	vb	to lack	W7
Italian:	maneggiare	vb	to manage	W7
	maneggio	n.masc	training/management of horse	W7
	mano	n.fem	hand, skill, ability	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	marr	vb	to take, receive	IEW
Gheg:	mârr	vb	to take, receive	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	márê	n.fem	hand	LRC
Anatolian
Hittite:	maniyahh-	n	to allot, apportion, administer	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
R1	=	Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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