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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: mormor-, murmur- 'to murmur (dully)'

Semantic Fields: Sound (n); Voice (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	murcnere	n.masc	one who murmurs	ASD
	murc(n)ian	vb.wk	to grieve, repine, murmur	IEW/ASD
	murc(n)ung	n.fem	grief, complaint, murmuring	ASD
Middle English:	murmure	n	murmur	W7
English:	murmur	n	grumbling, muttered complaint	W7
	murmur	vb	to mutter, grumble, complain	W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	murmuron	vb	to murmur	IEW
German:	murmeln	vb	to murmur	IEW
Italic
Latin:	murmur	n.neut	hum, roar, murmur	IEW/ELD
	murmuro, murmurare	vb	to roar, mutter, murmur	IEW/ELD
Middle French:	murmure	n	murmur	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	mormúrô	vb	to boil, roar	LS
Armenian
Armenian:	mrmram/mrmrim	vb	to roar, shout, murmur	IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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