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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. ne-, no-, plural nes-, nos- 'we'

Semantic Field: Human Being

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Scots Gaelic:	sinn	pron.1.pl	we, us	TLL
English
Old English:	unc	pron.1.du.dat/acc	(to) us two	TLL
	uncer	pron.1.du.gen	our two	TLL
	uncit	pron.1.du.acc	us two	TLL
	ure	pron.1.pl.gen	our, ours	W7/ASD
	us	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	us	W7
Middle English:	oure	pron.1.pl.poss	our	W7
	paternoster	n	Lord's prayer	W7
	us	pron.1.pl.obj	us	W7
English:	Nostratic	prop.n	hypothetical parent of Proto-Indo-European and other reconstructed languages	AHD
	nostrum	n	medicine of secret composition usu. lacking general repute	AHD/W7
	our	pron.1.pl.poss.attr	re: us/ourselves esp. as possessors	AHD/W7
	ours	pron.1.pl.poss.pred	re: us/ourselves esp. as possessors	AHD/W7
	paternoster	n	Lord's prayer	AHD/W7
	us	pron.1.pl.obj	re: we/ourselves	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	us	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	us	ASD
	user	pron.1.pl.gen	our	ASD
Dutch:	ons	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	(to) us	TLL
	ons	pron.1.pl.gen.attr	our	TLL
	onze	pron.1.pl.gen.pred	ours	TLL
Old Saxon:	us	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	us	ASD
	user	pron.1.pl.gen	our	ASD
Old High German:	uns	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	us	W7
	unser/unsar	pron.1.pl.gen	our	W7/ASD
	unsih	pron.1.pl.acc	us	ASD
German:	uns	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	us	LRC
	unser	pron.1.pl.gen	our	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	okkar	pron.1.du.gen	our two	TLL
	okkur	pron.1.du.dat/acc	(to) us two	TLL
	oss	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	(to) us	ASD
Danish:	os	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	(to) us	TLL
Swedish:	oss	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	(to) us	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	une/unsis	pron.1.pl.dat/acc	us	ASD
	unsara	pron.1.pl.gen	our	ASD
Italic
Latin:	nos	pron.1.pl.nom/acc	we	W7
	noster, nostra, nostrum	pron.1.pl.gen	our, ours	LRC
Medieval Latin:	paternoster	n.masc	paternoster, Lord's prayer	W7
Italian:	noi	pron.1.pl	we, us	TLL
Slavic
Russian:	nam	pron.1.pl.dat	(to) us	TLL
	nas	pron.1.pl.acc	us	TLL
Albanian
Albanian:	na	pron.1.pl.nom	we	IEW
	ne	pron.1.pl.gen/dat/acc	our, us	IEW
Hellenic
Greek:	êméteros	pron.1.pl.gen	our	LRC
	nô	pron.1.du	we two	TLL
	nôi	pron.1.du	we two	TLL

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
acc	=	accusative (case)
attr	=	attributive
dat	=	dative (case)
du	=	dual (number)
gen	=	genitive (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nom	=	nominative (case)
obj	=	objective (case)
pl	=	plural (number)
poss	=	possessive (case)
pred	=	predicative
pron	=	pronoun
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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