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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. nem- 'to nim, take, give, count, apportion'

Semantic Fields: to Take; to Give; Account, Reckoning

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	nem	n	gift	LRC
English
Old English:	beniman/biniman	vb	to deprive	W7/ASD
	(ge)niman, (ge)nam, (ge)namon, (ge)numen	vb.str.IV	to take, seize	LRC
	numol	adj	holding much	W7
Middle English:	astronomie/astronemie	n	astronomy	W7/CDC
	benimen	vb	to deprive	W7
	benomen	vb	to benumb	W7
	innumerable	adj	innumerable	W7
	nimel	adj	nimble	W7
	nimen	vb	to take	W7
	nombre	n	number	W7
	nomen	adj	numb	W7
	-nomie	n.sfx	-nomy	W7
English:	anomie	n	situation in which norms of belief/conduct are weak/lacking	AHD/W7
	antinomian	adj/n	(re:) adherent of antinomianism	AHD
	antinomianism	n	belief that Gospel frees Christians from law	AHD
	antinomy	n	contradiction between equally valid principles/inferences	AHD/W7
	astronomer	n	one who studies stars/planets/galaxies	AHD
	astronomy	n	science of celestial bodies	AHD/W7
	autonomous	adj	independent	AHD/W7
	benumb	vb.trans	to deaden, make inactive/insensitive	AHD/W7
	Deuteronomy	prop.n	fifth book of Pentateuch: 2nd statement of law	AHD/CDC
	economic	adj	re: economy, household (management)	W7
	economy	n	management of household/private affairs (esp. expenses)	AHD/W7
	enumerate	vb.trans	to count, ascertain number of	AHD/W7
	innumerable	adj	countless, too many to be counted	AHD/W7
	metronome	n	instrument for marking time via repeated ticks	AHD/W7
	Nemesis	prop.n	goddess of retributive justice (Greek/Roman mythology)	AHD/W7
	nemesis	n	one that inflicts vengeance/retribution	AHD/W7
	nim	vb	to filch, steal	AHD/W7
	nimble	adj	lively, re: quick light movement	AHD/W7
	noma	n	spreading gangrene in lining of lips/cheeks	AHD/W7
	nomad	n	wanderer, one with no fixed residence	AHD/W7
	nomadic	adj	roaming, wandering, re: nomad	W7
	nome	n	province (ancient Egypt)	AHD/W7
	nomograph	n	graph with three coplanar curves	AHD
	nomology	n	study/discovery of general physical/logical laws	AHD
	nomothetic	adj	legislative, re: lawmaking	AHD
	-nomy	n.sfx	laws/knowledge re: (specified) field	AHD/W7
	numb	adj	devoid of sensation	AHD/W7
	number	n	total, sum/count of units	AHD/W7
	numeral	adj	re: number(s)	AHD/W7
	numismatic	adj	re: study/collection of coins/tokens/etc.	AHD/W7
	nummular	adj	oval/circular in shape (like coin)	AHD/W7
	nummulite	n	fossil foraminifer resembling coin	AHD
	supernumerary	adj	exceeding stated/prescribed number	AHD/W7
	taphonomy	n	study of fossilization	AHD/CDC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	nima/nema	vb	to take	ASD
Dutch:	nemen	vb	to take	LRC
Old Saxon:	niman	vb	to take	ASD
Old High German:	neman	vb	to take	W7
German:	Antinomie	n	antinomy	W7
	ausgenommen	prep	except	TLL
	nehmen	vb	to take	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	nema/nima	vb	to take, catch, amount to	LRC
Icelandic:	nema	vb	to take	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	arbinumja	n	heir	LRC
	niman	vb.str.IV	to take, receive	LRC
Italic
Latin:	antinomia	n.fem	contrary, conflict of laws	W7
	astronomia	n.fem	astronomy	W7
	enumero, enumerare, enumeravi, enumeratus	vb	to count, enumerate	W7
	innumerabilis	adj	innumerable	W7
	Nemesis	prop.n.fem	Nemesis	W7
	nomas, nomadis	n.masc	nomad, member of pastoral people	W7
	-nomia	sfx	disposition of	W7
	numerabilis	adj	numerable	W7
	numero, numerare	vb	to count	W7
	numerus, numeri	n.masc	class, number, repute	LRC
	numerus	n.masc	number	W7
	nummulus	n.masc.dim	little coin	W7
	nummus	n.masc	coin	W7
Late Latin:	numeralis	adj	re: numbers	W7
	supernumerarius	adj	supernumerary	W7
Medieval Latin:	Antinomus	prop.n	antinomian	AHD
	antinomus	adj	opposed to moral law	AHD
	oeconomia	n.fem	economy	W7
New Latin:	noma	n.fem	ulcer	W7
Old French:	astronomie	n.fem	astronomy	W7
	nombre	n.masc	number	W7
	-nomie	sfx	naming, laws governing discipline	W7
Middle French:	numeral	adj	re: numbers	W7
	yconomie	n.fem	economy	W7
French:	anomie	n.fem	lawlessness	W7
	numismatique	n.fem	study of coins	W7
	nummulaire	adj	nummular, re: coins	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	namai	n.masc	house	LRC
	nuomas	n	rent, interest	LRC
Latvian:	núoma	vb	to rent, lease	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	ekonomi	n.fem	economy	LRC
	ekonomik	adj	economic	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	némesis	n	just anger/censure/indignation	LRC
	nemes(s)áô	vb	to be justly angry/indignant	LRC
	némô	vb	to tend, manage; allot, divide, dispense	LRC
Greek:	anomia	n.fem	lawlessness	W7
	anomos	adj	lawless	W7
	astronomia	n.fem	astronomy	W7
	autonomos	adj	autonomous	W7
	nomas, nomados	n.masc/fem	nomad; animal that pastures	W7
	nome	n.fem	ulcer	W7
	-nomia	sfx	rule, custom	W7
	nomimos	adj	customary	W7
	nomisma, nomismatos	n.neut	coin; custom	W7
	nómos	n.masc	law, rule, custom	LRC
	-nomos	sfx	measuring, controlling	W7
	oikonomia	n.fem	economy, household management	W7
	oikonomos	n.masc	household manager	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	nemah	n	loan, obligation	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
IV	=	class 4
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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