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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: oid- 'to swell; strong'

Semantic Field: Strong, Mighty, Powerful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	æt(t)or/ætter	n.neut	pus, atter	ASD
	ate/æte	n.pl	oats	W7/ASD
	at(t)or/at(t)er	n.neut	pus, atter	W7/OED/ASD
	attorcoppa/attercoppe/at(t)orcoppe	n.fem	attercop, lit. venom-spider	OED/ASD
Middle English:	atter	n	atter	CDC
	attercop(pe)	n	attercop	CDC
	ote	n	oat	W7
English:	atter	n	venom, poison	OED
	Attercop	prop.n	epithet for spider in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	attercop	n	poisonous spider	OED
	edema	n	swelling, abnormal serous fluid accumulation	AHD/W7
	oat	n	type of cereal grass	AHD/W7
Scots English:	ettercap	n	attercop	CDC
W-Germanic
Frisian:	aat	n	oats	ASD
Dutch:	etter	n.masc	atter	ASD
Old Saxon:	ettar/et(t)ar	n.masc	atter	ASD/CDC
Old High German:	eitar/eitter	n.neut	atter	ASD/CDC
Middle High German:	eiten	vb	to burn, sting	ASD
	eiter	n.neut	atter	ASD
German:	Eiter	n.masc	pus, atter	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	át	n	food	ASD
	eitr	n.neut	atter	LRC
Icelandic:	eitr	n	atter	CDC
Danish:	edder/ædder	n.neut	atter	ASD/CDC
	æddercop/edderkop	n	attercop, cup of poison	ICE/CDC
Swedish:	etter	n.neut	atter	ASD
Italic
New Latin:	edema	n.neut	edema	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	oidema	n.neut	edema	W7
	oidw	vb	to swell	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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