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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ped-, pod- 'foot'

Semantic Field: Foot

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bær-fot	adj	barefoot	MEV
	fecc(e)an/fæccan	vb.wk	to fetch	W7/ASD
	feti(g)an/fetigean	vb.wk	to fetch	W7/ASD
	fot	n.masc	foot	LRC
	trefet	n	trivet	W7
Middle English:	antipodes	n.pl	antipodes, those with feet opposite ours	AHD
	barfot	adj	barefoot	MEV
	empechen	vb	to impeach	W7
	empeiren	vb	to impair	W7
	fecchen	vb	to fetch	W7
	feter	n	fetter	W7
	fetlak	n	fetlock	W7
	fitlok	n	fetlock	W7
	fot	n	foot	W7
	paun	n	pawn	W7
	pewe	n	pew	W7
	trevet	n	trivet	W7
	vampe	n	sock	W7
English:	antipodes	n.pl	direct/diametrical opposites	AHD
	apodal	adj	having no feet/analogous appendages	AHD/W7
	appoggiatura	n	embellishing note/tone preceding essential melodic note/tone	AHD/W7
	barefoot	adj/adv	unshod, without footwear	W7
	cypripedium	n	leafy-stemmed terrestrial orchid	AHD/W7
	diapedesis	n	blood cell passage through capillaries into tissues	AHD/W7
	expedite	vb.trans	to execute promptly	AHD/W7
	fetch	vb	to go/come after and bring/take back	AHD/W7
	fetlock	n	projection bearing hair tuft on back of leg above hoof (of horse)	AHD/W7
	fetter	n	chain/shackle for foot/feet	AHD/W7
	Firefoot	prop.n	Eomer's horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	foot, feet	n.str	end(s) of vertebrate leg(s) upon which individual stands	AHD/W7
	footpad	n	one who robs pedestrians	AHD/W7
	Harfoots	prop.n.pl	hobbit tribe in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	impair	vb.trans	to damage, diminish in value/strength/quantity	AHD/W7
	impeach	vb.trans	to bring accusation against	AHD/W7
	impeccable	adj	not able/liable to sin	AHD/W7
	impede	vb.trans	to block, interfere with progress of	AHD/W7
	Lightfoot	prop.n	Snowmane's dam in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	lycopodium	n	erect/creeping club moss	AHD/W7
	millipede	n	myriopod having cylindrical segmented body	AHD/W7
	monopodium	n	(plant with) single main axis of growth	AHD
	octopus	n	8-armed cephalopod mollusk	AHD/W7
	Oedipus	prop.n	man who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother (Greek mythology)	LRC
	pada	n	foot: Sanskrit poetic metric unit	AHD
	paisa	n	SE Asian currency unit	AHD
	pajama(s)	n	loose lightweight trousers	AHD/W7
	parallelepiped	n	prism with parallelogram bases	AHD/W7
	pawn	n	something delivered/deposited as security for loan	AHD/W7
	peccadillo	n	slight offense	AHD/W7
	peccant	adj	sinful, guilty of moral offense	AHD/W7
	peccavi	n	acknowledgment of sin	AHD/W7
	-ped	n.sfx	foot	AHD/W7
	pedal	adj	re: foot	AHD/W7
	pedal	n	lever acted on by foot	AHD/W7
	pedate	adj	having a foot	AHD/W7
	pedestrian	adj	afoot, walking, going on foot	AHD/OED
	pedestrian	n	walker, one going on foot	W7
	pedicel	n	slender plant stalk	AHD/W7
	pedicure	n	cosmetic care of feet/toenails	AHD
	peduncle	n	stalk bearing flower (cluster)	AHD/W7
	pejoration	n	process/condition of worsening/degenerating	AHD
	pelecypod	adj	re: hatchet-shaped foot	AHD/CDC
	pelecypod	n	bivalve mollusk: clam, scallop, oyster	AHD
	peon	n	footman, foot-soldier	AHD/W7
	pes	n	distal segment of vertebrate hind limb	AHD/W7
	pessimism	n	inclination to emphasize adversity	AHD/W7
	pew	n	compartment (in church) with several seats	AHD/W7
	phalarope	n	small shore bird resembling sandpiper	AHD/W7
	pie	n	early monetary unit of India/Pakistan	AHD/W7
	pilot	n	helmsman, one who steers ship	AHD/W7
	pioneer	n	member of military unit of construction engineers	AHD/W7
	platypus	n	small aquatic oviparous mammal	AHD/W7
	-pod	n.sfx	(part resembling) foot	AHD/W7
	podiatry	n	chiropody	AHD/W7
	podite	n	segment of arthropod limb	AHD
	podium	n	pedestal, elevated platform	AHD
	podophyllin	n	bitter resin from May apple root	AHD
	podzol	n	leached soil under cool humid vegetation	AHD
	polyp	n	coelenterate having typically hollow cylindrical body	AHD/W7
	polypod	adj	having many feet	AHD
	Proudfoot	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	pseudopod	n	cellular membrane extension with which some cells/organisms move	TLL
	Puddifoot	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	pug	n	footprint	AHD/W7
	rhizopus	n	mold fungus causing decay	AHD/W7
	scaphopod	n/adj	tooth-shell mollusk; having foot fit for burrowing	AHD
	sesquipedal	adj	sesquipedalian	AHD
	sesquipedalian	adj	one and a half feet tall/long	AHD
	sympodium	n	primary stem/axis developed from short lateral branches	AHD
	teapoy	n	3-legged ornamental stand	AHD/W7
	theropod	n	large carnivorous saurischian dinosaur	AHD
	trapezium	n	quadrilateral with no parallel sides	AHD/W7
	tripedal	adj	having 3 feet	AHD
	trivet	n	tripod, 3-legged stand	AHD/W7
	vamp	n	part of shoe/boot-upper covering forepart of foot	AHD/W7
	Whitfoot	prop.n	hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Wingfoot	prop.n	man a.k.a. Strider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	xenopus	n	aquatic tongueless clawed frog	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	faka	vb	to fetch, prepare, make ready	ASD
	fot	n.masc	foot	ASD
Frisian:	foet	n.masc	foot	ASD
Dutch:	veter	n	lace	TLL
	voet	n.masc	foot	ASD
Old Saxon:	fot/fuot	n.masc	foot	ASD
Low German:	voot	n.masc	foot	ASD
Old High German:	fuoz	n.masc	foot	ASD
Middle High German:	vuoz	n.masc	foot	ASD
German:	Fuß	n.masc	foot	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	feta	vb	to step, proceed in	LRC
	fótr	n.masc	foot; leg	LRC
Icelandic:	fotr	n.masc	foot	ASD
Danish:	fod	n.masc/fem	foot	ASD
Swedish:	fot	n.masc	foot	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fotus	n.str.masc	foot	LRC
Italic
Umbrian:	persom-e	n	ground	RPN
	perum	n	ground	RPN
Latin:	antipodes	n.pl	people having feet opposite ours	AHD
	expedio, expedire	vb	to arrange, replace, set free	W7
	expeditus	vb.ptc	arranged, replaced, set free	W7
	impeccabilis	adj	incapable of fault	W7
	impedio, impedire	vb	to impede	W7
	millepeda	n.fem	small crawling animal	W7
	Oedipus	n.masc	Oedipus	W7
	oppidum, oppidi	n.neut	city	LRC
	peccans, peccantis	vb.ptc	sinning, making a mistake	W7
	peccatum	n.neut	sin, mistake	W7
	pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatum	vb	to sin, stumble, commit a fault	W7
	pedalis	adj	re: feet	W7
	pedatus	adj	ill set on his feet	W7
	pedes	n.masc	pedestrian	W7
	pedester, pedestris, pedestre	adj	pedestrian	W7
	pedica	n.fem	trap, fetter	W7
	pediculus	n.masc.dim	little foot	W7
	pes, pedis	n.masc	foot	RPN
	pessimus	adj.sup	worst	W7
	podium	n.neut	podium, parapet	W7
	polypus	n.masc	polyp, octopus	W7
	tripes, tripedis	adj	three-footed	W7
Late Latin:	Cypris	prop.n.fem	Venus	W7
	impedico, impedicare	vb	to fetter	W7
	pejoro, pejorare	vb	to make worse	W7
Medieval Latin:	pedo	n.masc	peon	W7
New Latin:	cypripedium	n.neut	Lady's Slipper (orchid), lit. sandal of Venus	W7
	diapedesis	n.fem	oozing through	W7
	lycopodium	n.neut	(genus name)	W7
	Octopus	n.masc	(genus name)	W7
	pedicellus	n.masc.dim	little foot	W7
	pedunculus	n.masc	peduncle	W7
	phalaropus	n.masc	small shorebird	W7
	platypus	n.masc	small aquatic mammal	W7
	rhizopus	n.masc	(genus of) mold fungi	W7
	trapezium	n.neut	small table	W7
Portuguese:	pé	n	foot	TLL
	peão	n.masc	peon	W7
Spanish:	pecadillo	n.masc.dim	small sin, unimportant thing	W7
	pecado	n.masc	sin	W7
	pie	n	foot	TLL
Old French:	avantpié	n.masc	fore foot	W7
	peon	n.masc	peon	W7
	peonier	n.masc	peon	W7
Middle French:	empeechier	vb	to hinder	W7
	empeirer	vb	to make worse	W7
	pan	n.masc	pane of cloth	W7
	pédale	n.fem	pedal	W7
	pilote	n.masc	pilot (of ship)	W7
	pionier	n.masc	peon, settler	W7
	polype	n.masc	octopus, nasal tumor	W7
	puie	n.fem	balustrade	W7
French:	pessimisme	n.masc	pessimism	W7
	phalarope	n.masc	small shorebird	W7
	pied	n	foot	TLL
	pion	n.masc	peon	W7
Italian:	appoggiare	vb	to lean on	AHD
	appoggiatura	n.fem	leaning, resting	W7/CID
	pedale	n.masc	pedal	W7
	piede	n	foot	TLL
	pilòta	n.masc	pilot	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	pãdas	n	shoe, sole of foot	LRC
	pescias, pescià	adj	on foot	LRC
Latvian:	acupedius	adj	swift-footed	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pasti, pado, padesi	vb	to fall	LRC
	pods	n	ground	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	poús, podós	n.masc	foot	LRC
Greek:	antipous	adj	with feet opposite	AHD
	apous	adj	without feet	W7
	diapedan	vb	to ooze through	W7
	diapedesis	n.fem	act of oozing through	W7
	epipedon	n.neut	plane surface	W7
	epipedos	adj	flat	W7
	Oidipous	n.masc	Oedipus	W7
	parallelepipedon	n.neut	6-faced polygon of parallelograms	W7
	parallelos	adj	parallel	W7
	pedilon	n.neut	sandal	W7
	pédon	n.neut	ground, earth	RPN
	peza	n.fem	ankle	W7
	peda	n.neut.pl	steering oars	W7
	pedan	vb	to leap	W7
	pedon	n.neut	oar	W7
	platypous	adj	flat-footed	W7
	podion	n.neut	base, little foot	W7
	polypous	n.masc	polyp, octopus	W7
	poûs	n.masc	foot	LRC
	trapeza	n.fem	table	W7
	trapezion	n.neut	small table	W7
	phalaris	n.fem	coot	W7
	phalios	adj	with white spot	W7
Medieval Greek:	pedotes	n.masc	ship's pilot	W7
Anatolian
Luwian:	pa-ta-as	n	foot	RPN
	pati-	n	foot	LRC
Lycian:	pddãt-	n	place	RPN
	pdden-	n	place, precinct	RPN
Hittite:	pata-	n	foot	LRC
	pí-e-da-an	n	place	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	otn	n	foot	LRC
Iranian
Persian:	pa	n	leg	W7
Avestan:	pad-	n	foot	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	padám	n	step, track, spot	RPN
	pat	n	foot	RPN
	padika	n	quarter	W7
Hindi:	tipai	n	three-legged ornamental stand	W7
	pag	n	foot	W7
	pai	n	former monetary unit of India	W7
	pajama	n	pajamas	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	ptsa	n	foot	LRC
Tocharian A:	päts	n	foot	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
sup	=	superlative
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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