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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2a. per- 'to pass over/beyond'

Semantic Fields: to Move; to Overtake

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	be-foran/bi-foran	prep/adv	before	W7/ASD
	feor	prep	far from	LRC
	feor(r)/fior	adv	far	W7/ASD
	firn/fyrn	adj/adv	old, ancient; formerly	IEW/ASD
	for-	pfx	for-	W7/ASD
	for(an)	adv/prep	forth, before, in front of	RPN
	fore-	pfx	fore-	W7/ASD
	fore	prep/adv	for, before, formerly	LRC
	forma	adj	first, earliest	LRC
	formest	adj.sup	foremost	W7
	forþ	adj/adv	forth, thence	LRC
	forðian	vb.wk	to carry out	W7/ASD
	fram	adj	bold, stout, valiant, competent	IEW
	fram	prep/adv	from, away	RPN
	framian	vb	to benefit, make progress	W7
	frea/freo	n.masc	lord, master	ASD
	from	prep	from	W7
	frum	adj	first, original, primitive	RPN
	frum-gar	n.masc	leader, chieftain, patriarch, lit. first-spear	ASD
	furðor/furður	adv.comp	further	W7/ASD
	fyr(me)st/formest	adj.sup	first	RPN/ASD
	geforðian	vb	to carry out	W7
	preost	n.masc	priest	W7/ASD
	prim	n	prime, first hour	W7/ASD
	prud/prut	adj	proud, arrogant	W7/ASD
	pryde/pryte	n.fem	pride	W7/ASD
Middle English:	aforthen	vb	to afford	W7
	ap(p)rochen	vb	to approach	W7/CDC
	appropriaten	vb	to appropriate	W7
	approven/aproeven/ap(p)reven	vb	to approve	W7/CDC
	approximate	adj	approximate	AHD
	barde	n	bard	AHD
	before	adv/prep	before	W7
	depriven	vb	to deprive	W7
	first	adj	first	W7
	for-	pfx	for-	W7
	for	adv	wherefore	W7
	for(e)-	pfx	fore-	W7
	fore	prep	before	W7
	forme	adj.sup	first	W7
	former(e)	adj.comp	former, ancestor	W7
	formest	adj.sup	first, foremost	W7
	forth	adv/prep	along, henceforth	W7
	fra(e)	adv/prep	frae	W7
	framen	vb	to construct, benefit	W7
	fro	adv/prep	from	W7
	from	prep	from	W7
	froward	adj	froward	W7
	furnisshen	vb	to furnish	W7
	further	adv	further	W7
	inprimis	adv	imprimis	W7
	para-	pfx	para-	W7
	pre-	pfx	pre-	W7
	pre(i)st	n	priest	W7
	pr(e)ove	n	proof	W7
	primat(e)	n	first place	W7
	primier	adj	premier	W7
	primitif	adj	primitive	W7
	principal	n	principal	W7
	principle	n	principle	W7
	prio(u)r(e)	n	prior, administrator	W7
	prive/pryve	adj	private	W7
	privite/pryvete	n	privity, secret counsel	W7
	pro-	pfx	pro-	W7
	pro	n	pro	W7
	probable	adj	probable	W7
	prone	adj	prone	W7
	propinquite	n	propinquity	W7
	propre	adj	proper, distinct	W7
	proprete	n	property	W7
	prouesse	n	prowess	W7
	prove	n	proof	W7
	proven	vb	to prove	W7
	prow	n	profit, advantage	W7
	pryde	n	pride	W7
	pryme	n	prime	W7
	pryns/prynce	n	prince	W7
	purchacen	vb	to purchase	W7
	reproche	n	reproach	W7
	reproven	vb	to reprove	W7
English:	afford	vb.trans	to manage to bear (cost of) without major loss/detriment	AHD/W7
	approach	vb	to near, draw closer to	AHD/W7
	appropriate	vb.trans	to annex, take exclusive possession of	AHD/W7
	approve	vb	to attest, prove	AHD/W7
	approximate	adj	nearly exact/correct	AHD/W7
	arpent	n	French land area unit	AHD/W7
	bard	n	horse armor/ornament	AHD/W7
	before	adv	ahead, in advance	AHD/W7
	deprive	vb.trans	to remove	AHD/W7
	expropriate	vb.trans	to deprive of possession/proprietary rights	AHD/W7
	far	adv	at/to considerable spatial distance	AHD/W7
	farther	adj/adv.comp	further, at greater distance	AHD/W7
	first	adj/adv	foremost, preceded by none	AHD/W7
	Firstborn	prop.n	the Elves in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	for-	pfx	re: neglect, failure, refusal, omission, exclusion, prohibition	AHD/W7
	for	prep	re: goal, purpose, destination	AHD/W7
	fore-	pfx	(occurring) earlier, beforehand	AHD/W7
	fore	prep/adv	before; formerly	AHD/W7
	forefather	n	ancestor	AHD/W7
	forego	vb	to precede, go before	AHD/W7
	forehead	n	facial part above eyes	AHD/W7
	Forelithe	prop.n	Shire calendar's June in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	foremast	n	mast nearest ship's bow	W7
	foremost	adj	first in series/progression	AHD/W7
	Foreyule	prop.n	Shire calendar's December in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	former	adj	being/coming before (in time)	AHD/W7
	Forn	prop.n	a.k.a. Tom Bombadil in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	forth	adv	forward, onward in time/place/order	AHD/W7
	frae	prep	from	AHD/W7
	Fram	prop.n	horse-folk lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	frame	vb	to go, proceed	AHD/W7
	Frau	tit	Mrs.	LRC
	Fraulein	tit	Miss	AHD
	Fréa	prop.n	4th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Fréaláf	prop.n	10th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Fréawine	prop.n	5th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Frey	prop.n	god of crops/fertility/peace/prosperity (Norse mythology)	W7
	Frey(j)a	prop.n	goddess of love/beauty (Norse mythology)	W2I
	fro	prep	from	AHD/W7
	from	prep	re: source, starting point, separation	AHD/W7
	froward	adj	habitually disposed to opposition/disobedience	AHD/W7
	frump	n	dowdy unattractive female	AHD/W7
	frumple	vb	to wrinkle	OED
	furnish	vb.trans	to provide with necessities	AHD/W7
	furniture	n	useful/necessary/desirable equipment	AHD/W7
	further	adj/adv.comp	farther, at greater distance	AHD/W7
	galore	adj	abundant, plentiful	AHD
	imprimis	adv	in first place	AHD/W7
	improbity	n	dishonesty, lack of probity/integrity	AHD/W7
	improve	vb	to make greater in degree/amount	AHD/W7
	naprapathy	n	treatment of disease by joint/muscle/ligament manipulation	AHD
	palanquin	n	covered litter borne on poles	AHD/W7
	para-	pfx	beyond, beside, alongside, aside from	AHD/W7
	paramount	adj	of chief concern/importance	AHD
	per-	pfx	throughout, thoroughly	AHD/W7
	per	prep	through, by means/agency of	AHD/W7
	percurrent	adj	running through entire length	AHD/CDC
	perestroika	n	mid-1980's restructuring of Soviet economy/bureaucracy	AHD
	peri-	pfx	about, all around	AHD/W7
	perigee	n	orbital point nearest earth's center	AHD
	perihelion	n	orbital point nearest sun's center	AHD
	perinephrium	n	fatty connective tissue surrounding kidney	AHD
	periostracum	n	hard protective covering of mollusk shell	AHD
	periproct	n	area around invertebrat anus	AHD
	peripteral	adj	surrounded by single row of columns	AHD
	perissodactyl	adj	having toes in odd numbers/uneven disposition	AHD/W7
	perplexed	adj	puzzled, filled with confusion/bewilderment	AHD
	praedial	adj	landed, re: land	AHD
	pr(a)eter-	pfx	beyond	TLL
	pram	n	small lightweight (almost) flat-bottomed boat	AHD/W7
	pre-	pfx	before, prior to, earlier than	AHD/W7
	premier	adj	principal, first in rank/position/importance	AHD/W7
	premier	n	prime minister	AHD/W7
	presbyopia	n	inability of old eyes to focus sharply	AHD
	presbyter	n	elder, member of governing body in early Christian church	AHD/W7
	prescience	n	foresight, knowledge of events/actions before occurrence	AHD
	prescient	adj	foreknowing, re: prescience	AHD
	pride	n	being proud	AHD/W7
	priest	n	one authorized to perform sacred religious rites	AHD/W7
	primal	adj	primary, original, being first	AHD
	primary	adj	primitive, first in time/development	AHD/W7
	primate	n	bishop having precedence in province/nation	AHD/W7
	primavera	n	white mahogany: tall tree with light-colored wood	AHD
	prime	adj	original, first in time	AHD/W7
	prime	n	second of canonical hours	AHD/W7
	primeval	adj	primal, ancient, re: first/earliest age(s)	AHD
	primipara	n	female bearing first offspring	AHD/W7
	primitive	adj	primary, original, not derived	AHD/W7
	primo	adv	first, in first place	AHD/W7
	primo	n	first/leading part (in ensemble)	AHD/W7
	primus	n	first among bishops in Scottish Episcopal Church	AHD/W7
	prince	n	king(-to-be), monarch	AHD/W7
	principal	adj	chief, most important/influential/consequential	AHD/W7
	principle	n	fundamental/comprehensive law/doctrine/assumption	AHD/W7
	prior	n	superior ranking next to abbot (in monastery)	AHD/W7
	pristine	adj	primitive, belonging to earliest state/period	AHD/W7
	private	adj	intended for/affecting particular class/group/person	AHD/W7
	privity	n	joint/private knowledge of private matter	AHD/W7
	privy	adj	belonging/relating to person in individual rather than official capacity	AHD/W7
	pro-	pfx	taking place of, substituting for	AHD/W7
	pro-	pfx	before, prior to, earlier than	AHD/W7
	pro	n	(one holding) affirmative side	AHD/W7
	probable	adj	supported by evidence establishing presumption (not proof)	AHD/W7
	probe	n	slender instrument for examining cavity	AHD/W7
	probity	n	uprightness, adherence to highest ideals/principles	AHD/W7
	proctor	n	procurator	AHD/OED
	procurator	n	agent, manager of another's affairs	AHD/CDC
	procure	vb	to obtain, acquire, get by special effort	AHD
	prodigal	adj	rashly/wastefully extravagant	AHD
	prodigality	n	quality of being prodigal	AHD/CDC
	proglottid	n	bisexual segment of tapeworm	AHD
	prone	adj	disposed, having tendency/inclination	AHD/W7
	proof	n	cogency of evidence compelling acceptance of truth/fact	AHD/W7
	proper	adj	fit, marked by rightness/suitability/appropriateness	AHD/W7
	property	n	trait/quality peculiar/belonging to thing/individual	AHD/W7
	propinquity	n	kinship, nearness of blood	AHD/W7
	proprioception	n	unconscious perception of bodily movement/orientation via internal stimuli	AHD
	proprioceptor	n	sensory receptor responding to internal stimuli	AHD
	proprium	n	common predicable property of all	AHD
	pros-	pfx	near, toward	AHD/W7
	prosciutto	n	aged dry-cured spiced ham	AHD
	prosopography	n	statistical study describing people/characters in context	AHD
	prostyle	adj	having row of columns across front only	AHD
	protein	n	complex amino acid combination	AHD/W7
	Proterozoic	adj	re: geologic eon ca. 2,500-570 million years ago	LRC
	prothallus	n	fern gametophyte	AHD
	protist	n	unicellular/acellular organism: alga, fungus, bacterium, protozoan, or virus	AHD/W7
	proto-	pfx	first	TLL
	protoctist	n	unicellular eukaryotic organism	AHD
	proton	n	atomic particle with positive charge	AHD/W7
	protuberance	n	knob, bulge, swelling	AHD
	protuberate	vb	to swell, bulge, be prominent	AHD
	prove	vb	to experience	AHD/W7
	provenance	n	source, origin	AHD/W7
	provenience	n	source, origin	AHD
	prow	adj	gallant, valiant	AHD/W7
	prow	n	stem, bow of ship	AHD/W7
	prowess	n	distinguished bravery	AHD/W7
	proximate	adj	close, very near	AHD/W7
	Purana	prop.n	ancient genre of post-Vedic Hindu/Jain texts	LRC
	purchase	vb.trans	to gain, acquire	AHD/W7
	rapprochement	n	establishment/state of cordial relations	AHD/W7
	reciprocal	adj	opposite, inversely related	AHD/W7
	reproach	n	cause/occasion of blame/disgrace/discredit	AHD/W7
	reprove	vb.trans	to (administer) rebuke	AHD/W7
	veer	vb.trans	to let/pay out (e.g. anchor rope/chain)	AHD/W7
	veneer	n	thin sheet of material	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fir/fer	adv	far	ASD
	forma	adj.sup	first	ASD
	forth/ford	adv	forth	ASD
	furthor/furdur	adv.comp	further	ASD
	prestere	n	priest	ASD
Frisian:	fier	adv	far	ASD
	fort/ford	adv	forth	ASD
Old Low Franconian:	fruo	adv	early, in the morning	KLW
Middle Dutch:	verrompelen	vb	to frumple	AHD
	vieren	vb	to veer, slacken	W7
Dutch:	praam	n	pram	W7
	ver(re)	adv	far	ASD
	voor	prep	for, before, on behalf of	TLL
	voort	adv	forth	ASD
	vorst	n.masc	prince	ASD
	vrouw	n	wife, woman	TLL
Old Saxon:	fer	adv	far	ASD
	fern	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	formo	adj	first	ASD
	forþ	adv	forth	ASD
	fraho/froho/fro(io)	n.masc	lord, master	ASD
	fram/vram	prep	from	ASD
	furðor	adv.comp	further	ASD
	furist	adj.sup	first	RPN
	furisto	n	prince	RPN
Old Low German:	prestar	n	priest	ASD
Middle Low German:	pram	n	pram	W7
	viren	vb	to veer	W7
	vro	adv	early, in the morning	SAO
Low German:	fe(e)re	adv	afar	ASD
	foorste	n	prince	ASD
Old High German:	fer(ro)	adv	far	W7/ASD
	firni	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	fram	adv/prep	forth, away; from	W7/ASD
	Fria	n	Freya	W7
	fro	n.masc	lord, master	ASD
	frouwa	n	lady, mistress	W7
	fruma	n	advantage	W7
	frummen	vb	to further	W7
	fruo	adv	early, in the morning	KDW
	fur-	pfx	for-	W7
	furdir	adv.comp	further	ASD
	furist	adj.sup	first	W7
	furthar	adj.comp	further	W7
	priestar/prestar	n	priest	ASD
Middle High German:	vërre	adv	far	ASD
	virne	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	vort	adv	forth	ASD
	vürder	adv.comp	further	ASD
German:	fern	adv	far	ASD
	firn(e)	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	fort	adv	forth	ASD
	Frau	tit/n.fem	Mrs.; elder/married woman	W7
	Fräulein	tit/n.neut	Fraulein; young woman	TLL
	früh	adv	early, in the morning	LRC
	Frühstück	n	breakfast	TLL
	für	prep	for	LRC
	fürder	adv	moreover	ASD
	Furnier	n.neut	veneer	W7
	furnieren	vb	to (apply) veneer	W7
	Fürst	n.masc	prince	ASD
	Prinz	n	prince	TLL
	vor	prep	before, in front of	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	forða, forðað	vb	to save	LRC
	forn	adj	old, ancient	LRC
	fram	adv	forward, on; away; out	LRC
	framan	adv	forward, from the front side	LRC
	framr	adj	foremost; excellent, outstanding	LRC
	frá	prep	from, concerning	LRC
	frest	n.neut	respite	LRC
	Freyja	prop.n	Freya, a.k.a. Frigg	W2I
	Freyr	prop.n	Frey	W7
	fyrir	prep	before, in front of; against; for, because of	LRC
	fyrr	adv	before; first; until	LRC
	fyrstr	adj.sup	first	LRC
	hús-frú	n	wife	KNW
Icelandic:	fjarri	adv	far off	ASD
	forn	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	fram	adv	forward	ASD
	fra	prep	from	ASD
	Freyr	prop.n.masc	Frey	ASD
	frum-	adj	first	ASD
	fyrstr	adj	first	ASD
	prestr	n	priest	ASD
	prim(i)/prima	n	prime, first hour	ASD
	prýði	n.fem	pride; ornament	ASD
Danish:	fiern	adv	far	ASD
	foran	prep	in front of	TLL
	fordi	conj	because	TLL
	fra	prep	from	ASD
	frokost	n	brunch	LRC
	först(e)	adj	first	ASD
	før	prep	before	TLL
	hustru	n	wife	TLL
Swedish:	därför	conj	because	TLL
	fjerran	adv	far	ASD
	for	prep	for, on behalf of	TLL
	forn	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	fram	adv	forth, forward	ASD
	framför	prep	in front of	TLL
	fro	adv.obs	early, in the morning	SAO
	frukost	n	breakfast	TLL
	från	prep	from	ASD
	för	prep	for, on behalf of	TLL
	före	prep	before	TLL
	först(e)	adj	first	ASD
	hustru	n	wife	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fairneis	adj	old, ancient	ASD
	faírra	adj/prep	far, distant; far from	LRC
	faúr(a)	prep	for, before, by	LRC
	fram	prep/adv	from, by, on account of	RPN
	framis	adv	further, onward	RPN
	fráuja	n.wk.masc	lord, master	LRC
	frisahts	n.str.fem	image	LRC
	fruma	adj	first, prior, former	RPN
	frumabaúr	adj	first-born	LRC
	frumists	adj/n	first, foremost; chief	RPN
	frums	n	beginning	RPN
Italic
Umbrian:	pernaiaf	adv	from in front	RPN
	perne	adv/prep	before	RPN
Old Latin:	pri	prep	before	W7
Latin:	adprobare	vb	to approve, confirm, be good	CDC
	approbo, approbare	vb	to approve	W7
	arpennis	n	half acre	AHD
	improbitas, improbitatis	n.fem	depravity, wickedness, dishonesty	W7
	improbus	adj	wicked, dishonest	W7
	para-	pfx	beside	W7
	per	adv/prep	by, through, along, over	RPN
	peri-	pfx	around	W7
	porro	adv	far, forward	ASD
	prae	adv/prep	before, in front of	RPN
	praeter	adv/prep	past, before, beyond	TLL
	primarius	adj	principal, of first rank	W7
	primas	n.fem	leader	W7
	primipara	n.fem	primipara	W7
	primitivus	adj	original, primitive	W7
	primitus	adv	originally	W7
	primo	adj.abl	at first	W7
	primoris, primoris, primore	adj	chieftain, leader	LRC
	primus, prima, primum	adj.sup	first, foremost	LRC
	princeps, principis	n.masc	prince, chief, first in rank	LRC
	principalis	adj	of the prince	W7
	principium	n.neut	beginning	W7
	prior	adj.comp	former, superior	W7
	priscus	adj	ancient	W7
	pristinus	adj	former, primitive, precedent	W7
	priusquam	adv	before	LRC
	privatus, privata, privatum	adj/vb.ptc	private, individual	LRC
	privo, privare	vb	to deprive, release	W7
	privus	adj/vb.ptc	private	W7
	pro	adv/prep	for, ahead, before, in front of	RPN
	probabilis	adj	probable	W7
	probitas, probitatis	n.fem	probity	W7
	probo, probare	vb	to prove, examine	W7
	probus	adj/vb.ptc	good, honest, proven	W7
	procer, proceris	n.masc	nobleman	LRC
	pronus	adj	bent forward, tending	W7
	prope	adj/adv/prep	near	LRC
	propinquitas, propinquitatis	n.fem	kinship, proximity	W7
	propinquus	adj	near, akin	W7
	proprietas, proprietatis	n.fem	property	W7
	proprius	adj	own	W7
	prora	n.fem	prow, front part of ship	W7
	pros-	pfx	near, towards, (face to face) with	W7
	proximatus	vb.ptc	approached, came near	W7
	proximo, proximare	vb	to approach, come near	W7
	proximus, proxima, proximum	adj	near, next to	LRC
	reciprocus	adj	alternating, returning the same way	W7
Vulgar Latin:	repropio, repropiare	vb	to reproach	W7
Late Latin:	appropriatus	vb.ptc	appropriated, made one's own	W7
	approprio, appropiare	vb.trans	to appropriate	W7/CDC
	approximatus	vb.ptc	approximated, came closer	W7
	approximo, approximare	vb	to approximate, come near	W7
	presbyter	n.masc	presbyter, priest	W7
	primarius	adj	basic, primary	W7
	prior	n.masc	administrator	W7
	proba	n.fem	proof	W7
	prode	n.neut	advantage	W7
	prot-	pfx	before	W7
	reprobo, reprobare	vb	to disapprove, condemn	W7
Middle Latin:	appropiare	vb	to approach, come near	CDC
Medieval Latin:	deprivo, deprivare	vb	to deprive	W7
	expropriatus	vb.ptc	expropriated	W7
	exproprio, expropriare	vb	to expropriate	W7
	primas, primatis	n.fem	archbishop	W7
	privitas, privitatis	n.fem	privity	W7
	proba	n.fem	examination	W7
New Latin:	prot-	pfx	primitive	W7
Portuguese:	approvar	vb	to approve	CDC
	por	prep	through, by, for	TLL
	porêm	conj	but	TLL
	porque	conj	because	TLL
	prova	n	proof	TLL
	provar	vb	to prove	TLL
Spanish:	aprobar	vb	to approve	CDC
	para	prep	for, as means of	TLL
	pero	conj	but	TLL
	por	prep	through, by, for	TLL
	porque	conj	because	TLL
	primavera	n	spring, springtime; primavera	OED
	probar	vb	to prove	TLL
	prueba	n	proof	TLL
Old French:	ap(p)rover/approuvir	vb	to approve	W7/CDC
	aprochier	vb	to approach	W7
	arpent	n	arpent	AHD
	chacier	vb	to chase, pursue	W7
	por-	pfx	for, forth	W7
	pre-	pfx	before	W7
	preuve	n.fem	proof	W7
	primat	n.masc	archbishop, leader	W7
	prince	n.masc	prince	W7
	principal	adj	of the prince, primordial	W7
	privé	adj	private	W7
	privite	n.fem	privacy, familiarity	W7
	pro-	pfx	for, before	W7
	proesse	n.fem	prowess	W7
	propre	adj	own	W7
	prou	adj/n.masc	good, capable, valiant; advantage	W7
	prover	vb	to prove	W7
	pur-	pfx	for, forward	W7
	purchacier	vb	to seek to obtain	W7
	reproche	n.masc	blame	W7
	reprochier	vb	to reproach	W7
Anglo-French:	emprouer	vb	to invest profitably	W7
Middle French:	approcher	vb	to approach	W7
	fournir	vb	to complete, equip	W7
	fourniss-	stem	to complete, equip	W7
	fourniture	n.fem	furniture, equipment	W7
	improbité	n.fem	dishonesty	W7
	para-	pfx	beside	W7
	pre-	pfx	before	W7
	premier	adj	first, chief	W7
	prime	n.fem	money given as a bonus	W7
	prin	prep	first	W7
	principe	n.masc	principle	W7
	probable	adj	probable	W7
	probité	n.fem	probity, honesty	W7
	propreté	n.fem	property	W7
	prou	adv	a lot	W7
	proue	n.fem	prow, front part of ship	W7
	rapprocher	vb	to set closer	W7
	reproche	n.masc	blame	W7
	reprover	vb	to reprove	W7
French:	approcher	vb	to approach	CDC
	approuver	vb	to approve	CDC
	arpent	n	arpent	AHD
	fournir	vb	to supply	W7
	par	prep	through, by means of	TLL
	parmi	prep	among	TLL
	pour	prep	for, as means of	TLL
	premier	adj	first	W7
	preuve	n	proof	TLL
	protéine	n.fem	protein	W7
	prouver	vb	to prove	TLL
	rapprochement	n.masc	state/action of being/getting closer	W7
	rapprocher	vb	to bring closer	W7
Old Occitan:	aprobar	vb	to approve	CDC
	apropchar	vb	to approach	CDC
Old Italian:	barda	n	bard	AHD
	prua	n.fem	prow, bow of ship	W7
Italian:	approcciare	vb	to approach	CDC
	approvare	vb	to approve	CDC
	per	prep	through, as means of	TLL
	perchè	conj	because	TLL
	prima	adv	before	TLL
	primo	adj	first	W7
	prosciutto	n	prosciutto	AHD
	provare	vb	to prove	TLL
	pruova	n	proof	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	per	prep	through	LRC
	pìrmas, pirmà	nbr.ord	first	LRC
	prie	prep	at, near, by	RPN
	pries	adv/prep	against	RPN
	prõ	adv/prep	through, past, by	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	pri	prep	near; at the time of	LRC
	pri'vu'	adj	first, primary	LRC
	pri'veni'ci'	adj	first-born	LRC
	pri'veni'ci'	n.masc	firstborn child	LRC
	predu'	prep	before, in front of	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	para	adv	before	LRC
	parë	adj	first	LRC
	për	prep	for, about	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	présba	n.fem	age	LRC
	présbus	adj	aged, honored, venerable	LRC
	presbúteros	adj.comp/n	older, elder; priest	LRC
Greek:	émprosthen	prep	before, in front of	LRC
	ósper	pron.rel	it	LRC
	pará	adv/prep	beside; from, of	LRC
	paraí	adv/prep	beside	RPN
	páros	adv/conj/prep	before, until	RPN
	pér	adv	although	LRC
	per	pcl	indeed	LRC
	péran/pérên	adv/prep	beyond, on the other side	RPN
	peráô	vb	to pass across/through	LRC
	perí	prep	around, about	LRC
	perissos	adj	more than normal	W7
	perpereúomai	vb	to boast	LRC
	práxis	n.fem	action in real life	LRC
	prássô/práttô	vb	to achieve, manage	LRC
	présbus	n.masc	old man	LRC
	pró	adv/prep	for, ahead, before	LRC
	próka	adv	forthwith	RPN
	prómos	adj	chief, first, foremost	RPN
	prós	adv/prep	near, towards, (face to face) with	LRC
	próteron	adv	earlier, before	LRC
	próteros	adj	first, before, forward	LRC
	protí	adv/prep	near, towards, (face to face) with	RPN
	prôí	adv	early	LRC
	proira	n.fem	prow, front part of ship	W7
	prôtista	adv	first of all	LRC
	protistos	adj.sup	first, primal	W7
	prôton	adv	first	LRC
	proton	n.neut	proton	W7
	prôtos	adj	first, foremost	LRC
	protos	adj	first	W7
	ôsper	adv/conj	as	LRC
Late Greek:	proteios	adj	primary	W7
Medieval Greek:	perissodaktylos	adj	having more than normal number of fingers/toes	W7
Anatolian
Luwian:	pa-ri-ya-an	adv/prep	beyond; exceedingly, especially	RPN
	pár-ra-an	adv/prep	before, in front of	RPN
Lycian:	pri	adv/prep	forth; in front of	RPN
	przze/i-	adv/prep	front, foremost	RPN
Hittite:	pa-ra-a	adv	forth	RPN
	pí-ra-an	adv	forth, before	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	araji	adv	before, earlier	LRC
	araji	prep	before, in front of	LRC
	arajin	adj	first	LRC
	ar	prep	to, toward (a person); beside; in the time of; in addition to	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	pariy	adv/prep	around, about	RPN
Persian:	pardah	n	packsaddle	AHD
Avestan:	pairi	adv/prep	around	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	párah	adj	far, distant	RPN
	pári	adv/prep	around	RPN
	puráh	adv/prep	forward, before, in front of	RPN
	purati	vb	to precede, go before	RPN
	pura	adv	formerly	W7
	purana	adj	ancient	W7
	prá	adv/prep	before, in front of	RPN
	pratarám	adj.comp	further	RPN
	prati-	pfx	near, towards, against, in return	W7
	práti	adv/prep	towards, near to, against	RPN
	prathamá-h	adj	first, foremost	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
abl	=	ablative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
comp	=	comparative
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
obs	=	obsolete
ord	=	ordinal
pcl	=	particle
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
rel	=	relative
stem	=	stem
str	=	strong (inflection)
sup	=	superlative
tit	=	title
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KLW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2003)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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