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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: puté(r), genitive putr-és 'father'

Semantic Field: Father

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	athir	n	father	LRC
English
Old English:	fæder/feder	n.masc	father	LRC
	fæd(e)ra	n.masc	paternal uncle	KEW
Middle English:	fader	n	father	W7
	patriarche	n	patriarch	W7
	patricion	n	patrician	W7
	patrimonie	n	patrimony	W7
	patron	n	patron	W7
English:	allopatric	adj	occurring in isolation/different areas	AHD/W7
	eupatrid	n	ancient Athenian hereditary aristocrat	AHD/W7
	expatriate	vb	to banish, drive into exile	AHD/W7
	father	n	sire, man who begot child	AHD/W7
	forefather	n	ancestor	AHD/W7
	gaffer	n	godfather, grandfather, old fellow	OED
	godfather	n	man who sponsors child at baptism	W7
	goombah	n.sl	companion, associate, older friend	AHD
	grandfather	n	parent's father; ancestor	LRC
	padre	n	Christian clergyman	AHD/W7
	paternal	adj	re: father	AHD/W7
	patri-	pfx	father	AHD
	patriarch	n	scriptural father of human race/Hebrew people	AHD/W7
	patrician	n	member of noble family (of ancient Rome)	AHD/W7
	patrimony	n	estate inherited from father/other ancestor	AHD/W7
	patriot	n	one who loves his native country	AHD/W7
	patroclinous	adj	re: inherited characteristics closer to father than mother	AHD
	patron	n	one named/chosen/honored as special guardian/protector/supporter	AHD/W7
	patronymic	adj/n	(re:) paternal ancestor's name	AHD/W7
	père	n	father	AHD
	perpetrate	vb.trans	to commit, be guilty of	AHD/W7
	sympatric	adj	occurring in same area	AHD/W7
American English:	compadre	n	buddy, companion, close friend/associate	AHD
British English:	pater	n	father	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	fader/feder/feider	n.masc	father	ASD
Frisian:	faer	n.masc	father	ASD
Dutch:	vader	n.masc	father	ASD
Old Saxon:	fadar/fader	n.masc	father	ASD
	fediro	n	paternal uncle	KSW
Low German:	vader	n.masc	father	ASD
Old High German:	fatar/fater	n.masc	father	ASD
	fetiro	n	paternal uncle; male cousin	KDW
Middle High German:	vater	n.masc	father	ASD
German:	Vater	n.masc	father	LRC
	Vetter	n.masc	male cousin	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	faðir	n.masc	father	LRC
Icelandic:	faðir	n.masc	father	ASD
Danish:	fader	n.masc	father	ASD
	fætter	n	male cousin	TLL
Swedish:	fader	n.masc	father	ASD
	far	n	father	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	fadar	n.masc	father	LRC
Italic
Latin:	pater, patris	n.masc	father	LRC
	paternus	adj	of a father	W7
	patres	n.masc.pl	senators	W7
	patria, patriae	n.fem	fatherland, native country	LRC
	patricius	adj	of patricians	W7
	patrimonium	n.neut	property inherited from father	W7
	patrius, patria, patrium	adj	paternal	LRC
	patro, patrare	vb	to accomplish	W7
	patronus	n.masc	patron, defender	W7
	perpetratus	vb.ptc	perpetrated	W7
	perpetro, perpetrare	vb	to perpetrate	W7
	propritim	adv	as one's own	LRC
	proprius, propria, proprium	adj	proper, own	LRC
Late Latin:	patriarcha	n.masc	patriarch	W7
	patriota	n.masc	patriot, countryman	W7
Medieval Latin:	expatriatus	vb.ptc	having left one's country	W7
	expatrio, expatriare	vb	to leave one's country	W7
	patronus	n.masc	patron saint, patron of benefice	W7
Portuguese:	padre	n.masc	father, priest	W7
	pai	n	father	TLL
Spanish:	compadre	n.masc	friend, compadre	AHD
	padre	n.masc	father	TLL
Old French:	patriarche	n.masc	patriarch	W7
Middle French:	patricien	n.masc	patrician	W7
	patrimonie	n.fem	patrimony	W7
	patriote	adj	loving one's country	W7
	patron	n.masc	patron saint; one's employer	W7
French:	père	n	father	TLL
Italian:	padre	n	father	TLL
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	patêr	n.masc	father	LRC
	pátrê	n	home, native land/country	LRC
Greek:	eupatrides	adj	of noble family	W7
	patriá	n.fem	lineage, fatherland	LRC
	patriarches	n.masc	patriarch	W7
	patrios	adj	of one's father	W7
	patriotes	adj	patriot, countryman	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	hayr	n	father	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	pitar-	n	father	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	pitár-	n	father	LRC
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	pacar	n	father	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
sl	=	slang
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KDW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
KSW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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