The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: porko-s 'porker, pig(let)'

Semantic Field: Pig

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	orc	n	pig	LRC
English
Old English:	*feargian	vb	to farrow	W7
	fearh/færh/ferh	n.masc	young pig	W7/ASD
Middle English:	farwen	vb	to farrow	W7
	pork	n	pork	W7
English:	aardvark	n	nocturnal ant-eating African mammal	AHD/W7
	farrow	n	litter of pigs	W7
	farrow	vb	to bear/give birth (to swine)	AHD/W7
	porcelain	n	fine ceramic ware	AHD/W7
	porcine	adj	re: swine/pigs	AHD/W7
	pork	n	swine flesh (as food)	AHD/W7
	porker	n	hog, young pig fattened for slaughter	W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	varken	n	pig	AHD
Dutch:	vark	n	pig	AHD
Afrikaans:	aardvark	n	aardvark	W7
Old High German:	farah	n	piglet, young pig	W7
German:	Porzelan	n.neut	porcelain	LRC
Italic
Latin:	porcellus	n.masc.dim	small pig	W7
	porcinus	adj	re: pigs	W7
	porcus	n.masc	pig, hog	W7
Old French:	pork	n.masc	pork, pig	W7
Middle French:	percelaine	n.fem	porcelain; cowrie shell	W7
Italian:	porcellana	n.fem	porcelain	W7
	porcèllo	n.masc	little pig	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	parselis	n	cattle	LRC
Iranian
Kurdish:	purs	n	pork; cattle	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	pashu-	n	cattle	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next