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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ret(h)- 'to run, roll, rotate'

Semantic Fields: to Run; to Roll

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	rethim	vb	to run	IEW
Middle Irish:	toir	n.fem	act of pursuing	W7
Irish:	rithim	vb	to run	LRC
	roth	n.masc	wheel	IEW
	toraidhe	n.masc	robber, pursued man	W7
Breton:	redek	vb	to run	LRC
	rod	n	wheel	LRC
Middle Welsh:	rhawd	n	path, course, action, running	IEW
Welsh:	redheg	vb	to run	LRC
	rhod	n.fem	wheel	IEW
English
Old English:	rador/rodor	n.masc	sky, heaven, firmament	IEW
Middle English:	controllen	vb	to control	W7
	prouynen	vb	to prune	W7
	rolle	n	roll	W7
	round	adj	round	W7
	rowelle	n	rowel	W7
English:	barouche	n	four-wheeled carriage	AHD/W7
	control	vb.trans	to check/test/verify by evidence/experiments	AHD/W7
	gravure	n	process for producing printing plate on wood/copper	AHD/W7
	prune	vb	to cut off/cut back parts for better shape/more fruitful growth	AHD/W7
	rodeo	n	roundup	AHD/W7
	roll	n	scroll, written document that can be rolled up	AHD/W7
	roll	vb	to move/impel by turning over	W7
	rota	n	roster	AHD/W7
	rotary	adj	turning on axis like wheel	AHD/W7
	rotate	adj	having flat parts spreading/radiating like wheel spokes	AHD/W7
	rotate	vb	to revolve, turn about axis/center	AHD/W7
	rotiform	adj	rotate	AHD/W7
	rotogravure	n	process in which impression is produced by rotary press	AHD/W7
	rotor	n	part that rotates/revolves	LRC
	rotund	adj	rounded, marked by roundness	AHD/W7
	rotunda	n	round building	AHD/W7
	roulette	n	gambling game involving small ball/compartmented wheel	AHD/W7
	round	adj	having every part of surface/circumference equidistant from center	AHD/W7
	rowel	n	revolving disk with sharp marginal points	AHD/W7
	Tory	prop.n	member/supporter of Conservative Party in U.K., Canada, etc.	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	reth	n	wheel	IEW
Frisian:	rolje	vb	to roll	OED
Old Dutch:	rath	n	wheel	IEW
Middle Dutch:	rollen	vb	to roll	OED
Dutch:	rad	n	wheel	LRC
	rondom	prep	around	TLL
Old Saxon:	radur	n	sky, heaven, firmament	ASD
Low German:	rullen	vb	to roll	OED
Old High German:	rad	n	wheel	W7
	rado/rato	adv	fast, quickly	IEW
Middle High German:	rade-ber	n	wheelbarrow	CDC
German:	Barutsche	n.fem	barouche	W7
	Rad	n.neut	wheel	LRC
	Radberge/Radbürge	n	wheelbarrow	CDC
	rollen	vb	to roll	OED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	roðull	n.masc	sun, halo, corona	IEW
Danish:	rulle	vb	to roll	OED
Swedish:	rulla	vb	to roll	OED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*raþs	adj	light, facile, nimble	IEW
Italic
Latin:	pango, pangere	vb	to fix, fasten	W7
	propago, propaginis	n.fem	small stem/shoot (to be replanted)	W7
	rota	n.fem	wheel	W7
	roto, rotare, rotavi, rotatum	vb	to roll, rotate	W7
	rotula	n.fem.dim	small wheel	W7
	rotundus	adj	rotund	W7
Vulgar Latin:	*birotium	n	barouche	AHD
Late Latin:	birotus	adj	two-wheeled	W7
	rotella	n.fem.dim	small wheel	W7
Medieval Latin:	rota	n.fem	wheel	W7
	rotarius	adj	rotating	W7
New Latin:	rotiformis	adj	wheel-shaped	W7
Portuguese:	rolar	vb	to roll	OED
Spanish:	rodear	vb	to surround	W7
	rodeo	n.masc	rodeo	W7
	rollar	vb	to roll	OED
	rueda	n.fem	wheel	W7
Catalan:	rotolar	vb	to roll, rotate	OED
Old French:	preugner/prougner	vb	to prune	CDC
	provigner	vb	to propagate	CDC
	roele	n.fem.dim	small wheel	W7
	roelete	n.fem.dim	small wheel	W7
	rolle	n.fem	wheel	W7
	roller/ro(u)ler	vb	to roll	OED
	roont	adj	round	W7
Middle French:	contrerolle	n.masc	audit, copy of an account	W7
	contreroller	vb	to audit, copy an account	W7
	proignier	vb	to layer, reproduce vines	W7
	provain	n.masc	layer	W7
	provigner	vb	to layer, reproduce vines	W7
	rolle	n.masc	roll, register	W7
	rouelle	n.fem.dim	small wheel	W7
French:	roue	n.fem	wheel	LRC
	roulette	n.fem.dim	roulette, small wheel	W7
Provençal:	ro(t)lar	vb	to roll, rotate	OED
Italian:	baròccio/biròccio	n.masc	two-wheeled cart	W7
	rotolare	vb	to roll, rotate	OED
	rotonda	adj	round, plump	W7
	ruota	n.fem	wheel	LRC
Rumanian:	roata	n	wheel	LRC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	rãtas	n.masc	wheel, circle	IEW
Latvian:	rats	n	wheel	IEW
Iranian
Avestan:	ratha	n	wagon, chariot	IEW
Indic
Sanskrit:	rátha-	n.masc	wagon, chariot	W7/IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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