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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. reu-, reu-, ru- (onomatopoeic: to roar, rout, round, etc.)

Semantic Fields: Sound (n); Various Cries

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	rucht	n.masc	roar	W7/IED
English
Old English:	reoc	adj	wild, fierce, savage	W7
	reon	vb	to mourn, lament	W7
	reotan	vb	to weep, wail	W7
	run	n.fem	rune, writing; secret, mystery	W7
	runian	vb.wk	to round	W7/ASD
Middle English:	riot	n	riot	W7
	rounen	vb	to round	W7
	rowten	vb	to rout	W7
	rumour	n	rumor	W7
	rutte	n	rut	W7
English:	raucous	adj	hoarse, disagreeably harsh/strident	AHD/W7
	riot	n	debauchery, profligate behavior	AHD/W7
	rote	n	surf noise on shore	AHD/W7
	round	vb.trans	to whisper, mutter, mumble, talk low	AHD/W7
	rout	vb.intrans	to bellow, low loudly	AHD/W7
	rumor	n	hearsay, talk/opinion with no discernible source	AHD/W7
	rune	n	letter in ancient Germanic alphabet	AHD/W7
	rut	n	male deer's (annual state of) sexual excitement	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Dutch:	runen	vb	to round	ASD
Old Saxon:	runa	n	rune, counsel, conference	ASD
Old Low German:	runan	vb	to round, murmur	ASD
Old High German:	riuzan	vb	to weep, bewail; make harsh noise	ASD
	runa	n	rune, whisper, secret discussion	ASD
	runen	vb	to round, murmur, grumble	ASD
German:	Rune	n.fem	rune	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rauta	vb	to roar	W7
	run	n	rune, secret, mystery	LRC
Icelandic:	rjota	vb	to roar, rattle	ASD
	run	n	rune, counsel	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	runa	n.str.fem	rune, counsel; secret, mystery	LRC
Italic
Latin:	raucus	adj	hoarse	W7
	rudo, rudere	vb	to roar, cry out	W7
	rugio, rugire	vb	to roar	W7
	rumor, rumoris	n.masc	rumor, gossip; murmur, humming noise	LRC
Late Latin:	rugitus	n.masc	roar	W7
Old French:	riot	n.masc	dispute	W7
Middle French:	rumour	n.fem	rumor, gossip; humming noise	W7
	rut	n.masc	roar	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	ôrúomai	vb	to howl	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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