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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: reuu- : ru- 'to ream, open; wide, roomy'

Semantic Fields: to Open; Wide, Broad

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	reman	vb	to ream	W7
	rum	adj	roomy	LRC
	rum	n.masc	room; time	ASD
	ryman	vb.wk	to make room	ASD
Middle English:	remen	vb	to open up	W7
	room	n	room	W7
	rural	adj	rural	W7
	rustik	adj	rustic	W7
English:	lebensraum	n	lit. living space	AHD/W7
	ream	vb.trans	to countersink, widen opening of	AHD/W7
	room	n	space, unoccupied area	AHD/W7
	roomy	adj	open, spacious	LRC
	rummage	n	thorough search	AHD/W7
	rural	adj	re: country (life/people), agriculture	AHD/W7
	rustic	adj	rural, re: countryside	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	rema	vb	to make room	ASD
	rum	adj	roomy	ASD
Old Saxon:	rum	n	room	ASD
	rumian	vb	to make room	ASD
Old High German:	rum	n	room	W7
	rumi	adj	roomy	ASD
	rumman	vb	to make room	ASD
German:	Lebensraum	n.masc	lebensraum	W7
	Raum	n.masc	room, space	W7
	räumen	vb	to vacate, make room	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rúm	n.neut	room; seat, bed	LRC
Icelandic:	rumr	adj	roomy	ASD
	ryma	vb	to make room; quit, leave	ASD
Swedish:	rum	n	room	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	rums	adj	roomy	ASD
	rums	n.str.masc	room	LRC
Italic
Latin:	ruralis	adj	rural	W7
	rus, ruris	n.neut	countryside, open land	W7
	rusticus	adj	rustic	W7
Middle French:	arrimage	n.masc	packing/fastening tight	W7
	rural	adj	rural	W7
	rustique	adj	rustic	W7
French:	rue	n	street	TLL

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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