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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: sai- 'pain, illness; sore'

Semantic Field: Pain, Suffering

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sæ	n.masc/fem	sea, lake, water	ASD
	sæ-war	n	seaware, seaweed	ASD
	sar	adj/n.neut	sore; sorrow, suffering	W7/ASD
	sarig	adj	sorry	ASD
Middle English:	sæ/se(e)	n	sea	CDC
	sor	adj	sore	W7
	sory	adj	sorry	W7
English:	sea	n	large body of salt water	W7
	seaware	n	sea wrack used like manure	AHD/W7
	seaweed	n	marine algae	AHD
	sore	adj	painful, causing pain/distress	AHD/W7
	sore	n	sore spot on body	W7
	sorry	adj	feeling sorrow/regret/penitence	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	se	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	ASD/CDC
	ser	n	sore, ache, pain; sorrow	ASD
Middle Dutch:	see	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	CDC
Dutch:	zee	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	CDC
Old Saxon:	seo/se(u)	n.masc	sea, lake	ASD/CDC
	ser	n	sore, ache, pain; sorrow	ASD
	serag	adj	sorry, bitter	ASD
Old Low German:	ser	n	sore, ache, pain; sorrow	ASD
Middle Low German:	se	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	CDC
Low German:	see	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	CDC
Old High German:	seo/se(u)	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	ASD/CDC
	ser	n	sore, ache, pain; sorrow	W7
	serag	adj	sorry, bitter	ASD
Middle High German:	se	n.masc/fem	sea, lake	CDC
German:	See	n.fem	sea	LRC
	See	n.masc	lake	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	sár	n.neut	sore, wound	LRC
Icelandic:	sær/sjar/sjor	n	sea	ASD
Danish:	saar	n	sore, wound	TLL
	sø	n	sea, lake	TLL
Swedish:	sjö	n	sea, lake	TLL
	sår	n	sore, wound	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	sair	n	sore, ache, pain; sorrow	ASD
	saiws	n	sea	ASD
Italic
Latin:	saevus, saeva, saevum	adj	cruel, fierce	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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