The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: se- 'self, one's own'

Semantic Field: to Own, Possess

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	gelic	adj	like	W7
	god-sibb	n.masc	sponsor	W7
	se(o)lf/silf/sylf	pron.refl	self, same	ASD
	sibb	adj/n	related; kinship, kinsman	W7
	swa	adv	so, thus	LRC
	swan	n	swain: boy, herdsman	W7
	swilc	adj/pron	such	LRC
	swilce	adv	thus, likewise, such (manner)	LRC
Middle English:	bootswein	n	boatswain	W7
	consuetude	n	consuetude	W7
	custume	n	customer	W7
	desolat	adj	desolate	W7
	ethik	n	ethic	W7
	ethnic	adj	ethnic	W7
	gossib	n	gossip	W7
	mansuetude	n	mansuetude	W7
	mastif	n	mastiff	W7
	sib	adj/n	sib	W7
	so	adv	so	W7
	sobre	adj	sober	W7
	solain	adj	sullen, solitary,	W7
	sole	adj	sole	W7
	solitary	adj	solitary	W7
	solitude	n	solitude	W7
	such	adj	such	W7
	swein	n	swain: boy, servant	W7
English:	boatswain	n	petty officer on ship	AHD/W7
	cacoethes	n	mania, insatiable desire	AHD/W7
	consuetude	n	custom, social usage	AHD/W7
	custom	n	common usage/practice	AHD/W7
	desolate	adj	deserted, devoid of visitors/inhabitants	AHD/W7
	desuetude	n	disuse, discontinuance from use/exercise	AHD/W7
	ethic	n	discipline re: what is good vs. bad	AHD/W7
	ethnic	adj	heathen, neither Christian nor Jewish	AHD/W7
	ethno-	pfx	race, people, cultural group	AHD/W7
	ethos	n	distinguishing tone/character/guiding beliefs	AHD/W7
	gossip	n	godparent	AHD/W7
	hetaera	n	highly cultivated Greek courtesan	AHD/W7
	idio-	pfx	distinct, personal, separate, one's own	AHD/W7
	idiom	n	dialect, language peculiar to class/people/district/community	AHD/W7
	idiopathic	adj	peculiar to individual	W7
	idiopathy	n	idiopathic disease/anomaly	AHD/W7
	idiot	n	person afflicted with idiocy	AHD/W7
	khedive	n	Turkish viceroy in Egypt	AHD
	Khotanese	prop.n	ancient language of Xinjiang	AHD
	mansuetude	n	tameness, meekness, gentleness	AHD/W7
	mastiff	n	(very large type of) dog	AHD/W7
	nisi	adj	taking effect at specified time unless voided/modified	AHD/W7
	quasi	adv	seemingly, in some sense/degree	AHD/W7
	seduce	vb	to persuade to disobey	AHD/W7
	seduction	n	seducing to wrong	AHD/W7
	self	pron.inten/refl	person, individual	AHD/W7
	sib	adj	akin, related by blood	AHD/W7
	sic	adv	intentionally so written	AHD/W7
	so	adv	in way/manner suggested/indicated	AHD/W7
	sober	adj	abstemious, sparing in use of food/drink	AHD/W7
	sodality	n	brotherhood, community	AHD/W7
	sole	adj	only, solitary	AHD/W7
	solipsism	n	theory holding that only self exists	AHD/W7
	solitary	adj	being/living/going alone/without companions	AHD/W7
	solitude	n	seclusion, being alone/remote from society	AHD/W7
	solo	n	musical composition for single voice/instrument	AHD/W7
	such	adj/pron	(re:) kind/character suggested/indicated	AHD/W7
	suicide	n	act/instance of killing oneself	AHD/W7
	sullen	adj	gloomily/resentfully silent/repressed	AHD/W7
	swain	n	peasant, rustic	AHD/W7
	swami	n	Hindu ascetic/religious teacher	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	sa	adv	so, as, thus	ASD
	self	pron	self, very own	ASD
	se-lik	pron	such	ASD
	selk	pron	such	ASD
	suck	pron	such	ASD
	sulch	pron	such	ASD
	sulk	pron	such	ASD
Dutch:	als	conj	when	TLL
	zijn	pron.3.sg.masc/neut.gen	his, its	TLL
	zoo	conj	as	TLL
	zoodat	conj	so that	TLL
Old Saxon:	self	pron	self, very own	ASD
	so	adv	so, as, thus	ASD
	su-lik	pron	such	ASD
Old High German:	selb/selp	pron.inten	self	W7/ASD
	sin	pron.poss	his	W7
	sippa	n	kinship, family	W7
	so	adv	so	W7
	solh	pron	such	ASD
	so-lih	pron	such	ASD
	su-lih	adj/pron	such	W7/ASD
German:	als	conj	than, when	TLL
	sein	pron.poss	his	LRC
	selber	pron.inten	self	LRC
	Sippe	n.fem	kinship, family	LRC
	so	adv	so	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	sik	pron.refl	him-/her-/it-self; them-selves	LRC
	sjálfr	adj	self; him-/her-/it-self; themselves	LRC
	slíkr	adj	such	LRC
	svá	adv	so, thus, in this way; also; as, as if	LRC
	sveinn	n	boy, servant	W7
Icelandic:	sjálfr	pron	self, very own	ASD
	slíkr	pron	such	ASD
	svá/svó	adv	so, as, thus	ASD
Danish:	saa	adv	so, as, thus	ASD
Swedish:	så	adv	so, as, thus	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*seins	poss.adj	one's own	LRC
	silba	pron.refl	self	LRC
	swa	adv	so, as, thus	LRC
	swa-leiks	adj/pron	such	ASD
	swaswe	conj	as, just as; so as; so as to, so that	LRC
	swe	conj	like, as, just as; so that; about	LRC
Italic
Latin:	consuesco, consuescere	vb	to accustom	W7
	consuetudo	n.fem	custom, mores	W7
	consuetus	vb.ptc	used to	W7
	desolatus	vb.ptc	abandoned	W7
	desolo, desolare	vb	to abandon	W7
	desuesco, desuescere	vb	to become unaccustomed	W7
	desuetudo	n.fem	obsoleteness	W7
	desuetus	vb.ptc	obsolete	W7
	idiota	n.masc	ignorant person	W7
	ipse, ipsa, ipsum	pron	himself, herself, itself	W7
	mansuesco, mansuescere	vb	to tame	W7
	mansuetudo	n.fem	mansuetude	W7
	mansuetus	adj	tame, mild	W7
	nisi	conj	unless, if not	W7
	quasi	adv	almost	W7
	se-	pfx	apart	W7
	se	pron.acc/abl	oneself	W7
	sed	conj	but	W7
	si	conj	if	LRC
	sic	adv	so, thus	LRC
	sobrius	adj	sober	W7
	sodalis	n.masc	comrade	W7
	sodalitas, sodalitatis	n.fem	comradeship, club	W7
	solea	n.fem	sandal; flatfish	W7
	soleo, solere, solitum	vb	to be accustomed	LRC
	solitarius	adj	alone, solitary	W7
	solitas	n.fem	aloneness	W7
	solitudo, solitudinis	n.fem	solitude	W7
	solitus, solita, solitum	adj	usual, accustomed	LRC
	solus, sola, solum	adj	alone	LRC
	suesco, suescere	vb	to accustom, become accustomed	W7
	sui	pron.refl.gen	of oneself	W7
	suus, sua, suum	pron/adj.poss	one's own	LRC
Vulgar Latin:	mansuetinus	adj	tame	W7
Late Latin:	ethnicus	adj	ethnic	W7
	idioma	n.neut	individual peculiarity of language	W7
New Latin:	ethos	n.masc	habits of living	W7
Portuguese:	se	conj	if, whether	TLL
Spanish:	si	conj	if, whether	TLL
	sino	conj	but	TLL
Old French:	custume	n.fem	custom	W7
	se	pron.refl	oneself	W7
Middle French:	ethique	n.fem	ethic	W7
	idiome	n.masc	idiom, language	W7
	mastin	n.masc	mastiff	W7
	sobre	adj	sober, simple	W7
	solain	adj	sullen	W7
	sole	n.fem	flatfish	W7
	solitude	n.fem	solitude, loneliness	W7
French:	désuétude	n.fem	obsoleteness	W7
	ethno-	pfx	ethno-	W7
	si	conj	if, whether	TLL
Italian:	così	conj	as	TLL
	se	conj	if, whether	TLL
	solo	adj	alone, single	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	saves	pron.refl	oneself, itself	LRC
Latvian:	sava	pron	his, one's	LRC
	savs	pron	his	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	svoi, svoe, svoja	adj	own, one's own	LRC
	sebe	pron.refl	self	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	etaîros	n.masc	comrade, companion	LRC
	étaros	n.masc	comrade, companion	LRC
Greek:	ethnikos	adj	ethnic, gentile, national	W7
	ethnos	n.neut	tribe, nation	W7
	ékastos	adj/pron.indef	each, every	LRC
	eós	adj	his, her	LRC
	hetaira	n.fem	female companion, prostitute	W7
	hetairos	n.masc	companion	W7
	ethike	n.fem	ethic	W7
	ethikos	adj	ethical, re: character	W7
	êthos	n.neut	ethos, custom	LRC
	idía	adv	privately	LRC
	idían	adv	alone	LRC
	idiopatheia	adj	idiopathy, particular affection	W7
	ídios	adj	own, private, particular	LRC
	idiousthai	vb	to appropriate	W7
	idioma	n.neut	idiom	W7
	idiotes	n.masc	idiot, layman, ignorant person	W7
	kakoethes	adj	malignant	W7
	ótan	conj	when, every time	LRC
	óte	conj	when	LRC
	óti	conj	that, because	LRC
	ótos	pron	someone	LRC
	spheîs	pron.refl	they	LRC
	sphéteros	adj	own	LRC
	sphôe	pron	those two	LRC
	hos	adv	so, thus	W7
	ôste	adv/conj	like, so that	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ink`nin	pron.emph	he himself, he personally, the very one	LRC
	iwr	pron.refl	himself, herself, itself	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	sva	adj	one's own, one's self	W7
	svamin	n	lord, owner	W7
Hindi:	svami	n	swami	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
abl	=	ablative (case)
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
emph	=	emphatic
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
indef	=	indefinite
inten	=	intensive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
poss	=	possessive (case)
pron	=	pronoun
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
refl	=	reflexive
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next