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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. sek^u- 'to segue, follow'

Semantic Field: to Follow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	secg	n.masc	man; hero, warrior	LRC
	sele-secg	n.masc	retainer, lit. hall-hero	LRC
Middle English:	as(s)ignen	vb	to assign	W7/CDC
	associaten	vb	to associate	AHD
	ensuen	vb	to ensue	W7
	executen	vb	to execute	W7
	obsequious	adj	obsequious	W7
	prosecuten	vb	to prosecute	W7
	pursuen	vb	to pursue	W7
	resignen	vb	to resign	W7
	scarlat	n	scarlet	W7
	scarlet	n	scarlet	W7
	second	num.ord	second (2nd)	W7
	secte	n	sect	W7
	secundine	n	secundines	W7
	seel	n	seal	W7
	sequence	n	sequence	W7
	sequestren	vb	to sequester	W7
	signe	n	sign	W7
	signen	vb	to sign	W7
	siute	n	suite, sequence, act of following	W7
	subsequent	adj	subsequent	W7
	suen	vb	to sue	W7
	suitor	n	suitor	W7
English:	assign	vb.trans	to transfer (some property) to another	AHD/W7
	associate	vb	to join as friend/partner/companion	AHD/W7
	consequent	adj	following as effect/result	AHD/W7
	consign	vb	to entrust, transfer to another's care	AHD/W7
	consociate	vb	to bring into association	AHD/W7
	designate	adj	chosen (but not yet installed) for office	AHD/W7
	dissociate	vb	to disconnect, separate from union/association with another	AHD/W7
	ensue	vb.intrans	to take place afterward/as result	AHD/W7
	execute	vb.trans	to perform, carry out, put into effect	AHD/W7
	extrinsic	adj	extraneous, not belonging to/forming part of thing	AHD/W7
	insignia	n	emblem, badge of honor/authority	AHD/W7
	intrinsic	adj	part of essential nature/constitution of thing	AHD/W7
	obsequious	adj	sycophantic, exhibiting servile complaisance/attentiveness	AHD/W7
	persecute	vb.trans	to harass with intent to grieve/injure/afflict	AHD/W7
	prosecute	vb	to follow to end	AHD/W7
	pursue	vb	to follow with intent to overtake/defeat/capture/kill	AHD/W7
	resign	vb	to give up deliberately	AHD/W7
	scarlatina	n	scarlet fever	AHD/W7
	scarlet	adj	re: bright red coloring	W7
	scarlet	n	scarlet cloth/clothes	AHD/W7
	seal	n	assurance, guarantee, something that confirms/ratifies/makes secure	AHD/W7
	second	num.ord	2nd, next after 1st	AHD/W7
	secondo	n	second part	AHD/W7
	sect	n	dissenting/schismatic religious body	AHD/W7
	secund	adj	unilateral, having some part/element on one side only	AHD/W7
	secundines	n.pl	afterbirth	AHD/W7
	segno	n	notational sign	AHD/W7
	segue	vb	to proceed to next part without pause	AHD/W7
	seguidilla	n	lively Spanish dance	AHD/CDC
	sequacious	adj	tractable, subservient	AHD/W7
	sequence	n	hymn of irregular meter between gradual and Gospel	AHD/W7
	sequester	vb.trans	to segregate, set apart	AHD/W7
	sequestrum	n	dead bone fragment detached from adjoining bone	AHD/W7
	sigil	n	seal, signet	AHD/W7
	sign	n	motion/gesture by which wish/thought/command is expressed/made known	AHD/W7
	sign	vb	to place sign upon, represent/indicate via sign	AHD/W7
	sociable	adj	social, inclined to companionship with others	AHD/W7
	social	adj	involving allies/confederates	AHD/W7
	society	n	company, companionship/association with fellows, friendly/intimate intercourse	AHD/W7
	socio-	pfx	social/society	AHD/W7
	subsequent	adj	succeeding, following in time/place/order	AHD/W7
	sue	vb	to solicit, make petition to/for	AHD/W7
	suit	n	suite	AHD/W7
	suite	n	retinue	AHD/W7
	suitor	n	pleader, one who petitions/entreats	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	gezicht	n	face	TLL
Old Saxon:	segg	n	man	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	seggr	n.masc	man; hero, warrior	LRC
Icelandic:	seggr	n	man	ASD
Danish:	ansigt	n	face	TLL
Swedish:	ansikte	n	face	TLL
Italic
Latin:	assigno, assignare	vb	to allow, assign	W7
	associatus	vb.ptc	joined by companionship	W7
	associo, associare	vb	to unite	W7
	consequens	adj/vb.ptc	following, consequent	W7
	consequor, consequi	vb.dep	to follow along	W7
	consigno, consignare	vb	to seal, authenticate	W7
	consociatus	vb.ptc	associated with	W7
	consocio, consociare	vb	to associate with	W7
	designatus	vb.ptc	designated	W7
	designo, designare	vb	to designate	W7
	dissociatus	vb.ptc	divided, separated	W7
	dissocio, dissociare	vb	to divide, separate	W7
	extrinsecus	adj	from without	W7
	insigne	n.neut	mark, badge	W7
	insignia	n.neut.pl	insignia, flags	W7
	insignis	adj	marked, distinguished	W7
	intrinsecus	adv	internal, inwardly	W7
	obsequiosus	adj	compliant	W7
	obsequium	n.neut	compliance	W7
	obsequor, obsequi	vb.dep	to comply	W7
	persquor, persequi	vb.dep	to pursue	W7
	prosecutus	vb.ptc	pursued	W7
	prosequor, prosequi	vb.dep	to pursue	W7
	resigno, resignare	vb	to unseal, cancel	W7
	secta	n.fem	way of life, class of persons	W7
	secundum	prep	following	LRC
	secundus, secunda, secundum	adj	second, following, favorable	LRC
	secutor	n.masc	follower	W7
	secutus	vb.ptc	followed	W7
	sequax, sequac	adj	following, attending	W7
	sequens, sequentis	vb.pres.ptc	following	W7
	sequester	n.masc	agent, depositary, bailee	W7
	sequestrum	n.neut	legal sequestration	W7
	sequor, sequi	vb.dep	to follow	W7
	sigillum	n.neut	seal	W7
	signo, signare	vb	to sign, mark, seal	W7
	signum	n.neut	sign, mark, seal, token, image	W7
	sociabilis	adj	sociable	W7
	socialis	adj	social, conjugal, re: allies/partners	W7
	societas, societatis	n.fem	alliance, companionship	W7
	socio, sociare	vb	to join, unite, associate	W7
	socius	n.masc	ally, companion, associate	W7
	subsequens, subsequentis	adj/vb.ptc	following	W7
	subsequor, subsequi	vb.dep	to follow closely	W7
Vulgar Latin:	sequitus	vb.ptc	followed	W7
	sequor, sequi	vb.dep	to follow	W7
Late Latin:	extrinsecus	adj	extrinsic	W7
	persecutor	n.masc	persecutor	W7
	persecutus	vb.ptc	persecuted	W7
	persequor, persequi	vb.dep	to persecute	W7
	secta	n.fem	organized ecclesiastical body	W7
	secundinae	n.fem.pl	afterbirth	W7
	sequentia	n.fem	sequel, act of following	W7
	sequestro, sequestrare	vb	to set apart, surrender for safekeeping	W7
Medieval Latin:	scarlata	adj	scarlet (in color)	W7
	scarlata	n.fem	scarlet cloth	W7
New Latin:	scarlatina	n.fem	scarlet fever	W7
	sequestrum	n.neut	legal sequestration	W7
Spanish:	escarlata	adj	scarlet	TLL
	seguida	n.fem	sequence	AHD
	seguidilla	n.fem.dim	seguidilla	AHD
	seguir	vb	to segue, follow	AHD
	según	prep	according to	TLL
Old French:	as(s)igner	vb	to assign	CDC
	ensuivre	vb	to ensue	W7
	escarlate	adj	red, scarlet	W7
	poursuir	vb	to pursue	W7
	second	adj	second	W7
	seel	n.masc	seal	W7
	signe	n.masc	sign	W7
	siute	n.fem	suite, sequence, act of following	W7
	suir	vb	to follow	W7
	suivre	vb	to follow	W7
Anglo-French:	pursuer	vb	to pursue	W7
	suitor	n.masc	follower	W7
Middle French:	conséquent	adj	following, appropriate	W7
	consigner	vb	to consign	W7
	ensuivre	vb	to ensue	W7
	executer	vb	to execute	W7
	execution	n.fem	execution	W7
	intrinsèque	adj	internal, intrinsic	W7
	persécuter	vb	to persecute	W7
	persécuteur	n.masc	persecutor	W7
	résigner	vb	to resign (oneself)	W7
	secte	n.fem	sect, group	W7
	séquestrer	vb	to keep against one's will	W7
	signer	vb	to mark, seal, sign	W7
	societé	n.fem	society	W7
French:	assigner	vb	to assign, designate	W7
	écarlate	adj/n.fem	scarlet	TLL
	extrinsèque	adj	extrinsic	W7
	selon	prep	according to	TLL
	socio-	pfx	socio-	W7
	suite	n.fem	suite, series	W7
Italian:	secondo	adj	second	W7
	secondo	prep	according to	TLL
	segno	n.masc	sign	W7
	seguire	vb	to follow	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	social	adj	social	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	hepesthai	vb	to follow	W7
	épomai	vb	to follow	LRC
Iranian
Persian:	saqalat	n	(type of) rich cloth	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dep	=	deponent
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
num	=	numeral
ord	=	ordinal
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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