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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: seng^u- 'to sink, sag, fall'

Semantic Fields: to Sink; to Fall

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sincan, sanc, suncon, suncen	vb.str	to sink	W7/ASD
Middle English:	saggen	vb	to sag	W7
	sinken/synken	vb	to sink	CDC
English:	sag	vb	to droop/sink/settle (as if) from pressure/loss of tautness	AHD/W7
	sink, sank, sunk	vb.str	to submerge, become submerged, go to bottom	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	zakken	vb	to sag, sink (as dregs)	CDC
	zinken	vb	to sink	CDC
Old Saxon:	sinkan	vb	to sink	ASD
Middle Low German:	sakken	vb	to sag	CDC
	sinken	vb	to sink	CDC
Old High German:	sinkan/sinchan	vb	to sink	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	sinken	vb	to sink	CDC
German:	sacken	vb	to sag	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	sökkva	vb	to sink	ASD
Danish:	sakke	vb	to sag, sink astern	CDC
	synke	vb	to sink	CDC
Swedish:	sacka	vb	to sag	W7
	sjunka	vb	to sink	CDC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	sig(g)kwan	vb	to sink	ASD/CDC
Armenian
Armenian:	ankanim	vb	to fall	W7/HH

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
HH	=	Heinrich Hübschmann: Armenische Grammatik (1897)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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