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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: septm 'seven'

Semantic Field: Number

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	secht	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	sechtmad	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Irish:	seacht	nbr.card	seven (7)	LRC
Scots Gaelic:	seachd	nbr.card	seven (7)	LRC
Manx:	shiaght	nbr.card	seven (7)	LRC
Middle Welsh:	seith	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
Welsh:	seithfed	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
English
Old English:	hundseofontig	nbr.card	hundred seventy (170)	W7
	seofon/syfon	nbr.card	seven (7)	W7/ASD
	seofontig	nbr.card	seventy (70)	W7
	siofþa/siofoða	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Middle English:	Septembre	prop.n	September	W7
	seven	nbr.card	seven	W7
	seventy	nbr.card	seventy	W7
English:	hebdomad	n	group of seven	AHD/W7
	hept(a)-	pfx	seven	AHD
	heptad	n	group of seven	AHD/W7
	Heptateuch	prop.n	first 7 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. seven containers	LRC
	September	prop.n	9th month (in Gregorian calendar)	AHD/W7
	septennial	adj	(happening) every 7 years	AHD/W7
	septet	n	music for 7 voices/instruments	AHD/W7
	septuple	adj	having 7 units/members	AHD
	seven	nbr.card	7	AHD/W7
	seventh	nbr.ord	7th	LRC
	seventy	nbr.card	70	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	saven/sigun	nbr.card	seven (7)
Old Saxon:	sibun	nbr.card	seven (7)
Old High German:	sibun	nbr.card	seven	W7
	sibunto	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
German:	September	prop.n	September	LRC
	Septett	n.neut	septet	W7
	sieben	nbr.card	seven (7)	LRC
	siebter	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	LRC
	siebzig	nbr.card	seventy (70)	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	sjo	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	sjondi	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Icelandic:	sjau	nbr.card	seven (7)
Swedish:	sju	nbr.card	seven (7)	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	sibun	nbr.card	seven	LRC
Crimean Gothic:	*sevene/seuene	nbr.card	seven (7)	CGo
Italic
Latin:	septem	nbr.card	seven	W7
	September	prop.n.masc	September, seventh month (in Roman calendar)	W7
	septimus	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Portuguese:	sete	nbr.card	seven (7)	TLL
Spanish:	siete	nbr.card	seven (7)	TLL
Old French:	Septembre	n.masc	September	W7
French:	sept	nbr.card	seven (7)	TLL
Italian:	sette	nbr.card	seven (7)	TLL
Baltic
Old Prussian:	sepmas	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Lithuanian:	septiñtas, septintà	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	LRC
	septynì	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
Latvian:	septîtais	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	sedmi	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	sedmyi, sedmoje, sedmaja	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	LRC
Russian:	semi	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
Albanian
Albanian:	sh(ë)tatë	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	shtatë	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ebdómatos/ébdomos	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	LRC
	eptá	nbr.card	seven (7)	LRC
	éptacha	adj	in seven parts	LRC
Greek:	hebdomas	n.fem	(group of) seven	W7
	heptad-	stem	group of seven	W7
	heptas	n.fem	group of seven	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	sapta-	pfx.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
	sipta-	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
Armenian
Armenian:	ewt'n	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
Iranian
Middle Persian:	haftom	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Avestan:	hapta	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	haptatha-	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Indic
Sanskrit:	saptá	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	saptamá-/saptátha-	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	sukt	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE
	suktante	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
Tocharian A:	säptänt	nbr.ord	seventh (7th)	EIE
	spät	nbr.card	seven (7)	EIE

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
card	=	cardinal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ord	=	ordinal
pfx	=	prefix
prop	=	proper
stem	=	stem

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
EIE	=	J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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