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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 4. (s)kel-, extended kla-, klo- 'to bend; crooked'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; Crooked

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	cocatrice	n	cockatrice	W7
English:	Chaucer	prop.n	Geoffrey Chaucer: 14th century English poet	LRC
	cockatrice	n	2-legged dragon with rooster's head	LRC
	colon	n	rhythmical speech unit: 2-6 feet	AHD/W7
	cylinder	n	round tube	AHD/W7
	inculcate	vb	to teach/impress by frequent repetition/admonition	W7
	isosceles	adj	having two equal legs/sides	AHD
	schiller	n	lustrous colored reflection in mineral grain	AHD
	scolex	n	(head of) tapeworm	AHD/W7
	scoliosis	n	lateral curvature of spine	AHD/W7
	triskelion	n	figure comprising 3 bent/curved branches radiating from center	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	kous	n	hose, stocking	TLL
German:	Schiller	n.masc	schiller, iridescence	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	skjálfa	vb	to shake, tremble	LRC
Swedish:	kalsonger	n.pl	panties	TLL/SAO
Italic
Latin:	calcar, calcaris	n.neut	spur, stimulus, incitement	IEW/CLD
	calceus	n	shoe	IEW
	calco, calcare	vb	to tread upon	IEW
	calx, calcis	n.fem	heel	IEW/CLD
	colon	n	colon: part of poem/verse	AHD/W7
	cylindrus	n.masc	roll, cylinder	W7
	inculco, inculcare	vb	to inculcate, mix/tread in, force upon	LRC
New Latin:	scolex, scolicis	n.masc	worm, scolex	W7
	scoliosis	n.fem	scoliosis, crookedness of body part	W7
	triskelion	n.neut	figure comprising 3 bent branches	W7
Spanish:	calcar	vb	to trace lines	LRC
	calcetín	n	sock	LRC
Old French:	cocatris	n	cockatrice	LRC
Anglo-French:	chauce	n	heel; hose, shoe, footwear	LRC
	chaucer	n	cobbler, shoemaker	LRC
	chaucer	vb	to put on shoes	LRC
	chaucher	vb	to tread, trample	LRC
	chauçure	n	shoe, footwear	LRC
Middle French:	cylindre	n.masc	roll, cylinder	W7
French:	chausser	vb	to put on shoes	LRC
	chaussure	n	shoe	LRC
Italian:	calciare	vb	to kick	LRC
	calciatore	n	soccer player	LRC
	calzatura	n	footwear	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	kulíndô	vb	to roll	LRC
	skélos	n.neut	leg, upper thigh	LRC
	skoliós	adj	crooked, perverse	LRC
	skôlêx	n.masc	worm, scolex	LRC
Greek:	kylindros	n.masc	cylinder	W7
	kôlon	n.neut	leg, limb; part, member; clause, colon	LS
	skoliosis	n.fem	scoliosis, crookedness of body part	W7
	triskeles	adj	three-legged	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CLD	=	Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
SAO	=	Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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