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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)keud- 'to shoot, throw'

Semantic Field: to Throw

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	sceata	n.masc	corner, angle; sheet (line), lower corner of sail	W7
	sceotan, sceat, scuton, scoten	vb.str	to shoot	GED/ASD
	scite/scyte/scete	n.fem	sheet	W7/ASD
	scot	n.neut	shot, shooting	W7
	scutel/scytel	n.masc	dart, arrow, missile	W7
	scyte	n.masc	shooting	W7
	scytel/scyttel	n.masc	bar, bolt	W7
	scyttan	vb.wk	to shut, cause rapid movement	W7/ASD
Middle English:	scot	n	scot	W7
	shete	n	sheet	W7
	sheten	vb	to shoot	W7
	shittle	n	shuttle	W7
	shot	n	shot	W7
	shouten	vb	to shout	W7
	shuten	vb	to shoot	W7
	shutten	vb	to shut	W7
	wainscot	n	wainscot	W7
English:	schuss	n	straight high-speed ski run	AHD/W7
	scot	n	money assessed/paid	AHD/W7
	scout	vb	to mock, make fun of	AHD/W7
	sheet	n	(broad) piece of cloth	AHD/W7
	sheet	n	line, rope/chain controlling sail	AHD/W7
	shoot, shot	vb.str	to let fly, cause (missile) to fly	AHD/W7
	shoot	n	new (plant) growth	AHD/W7
	shot	n	act/result of shooting	AHD/W7
	shout	vb	to utter sudden loud cry	AHD/W7
	shut, shut	vb	to close door/opening	AHD/W7
	shuttle	n	device to pass/shoot thread of woof between threads of warp	AHD/W7
	slingshot	n	Y-shaped stick with elastic strap for flinging small stones	AHD
	wainscot	n	fine grade of oak for woodwork	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	sciata/skiata	vb	to shoot	GED/ASD
	scot	n	missile; tribute, contribution	ASD
	sket	n	shooting	ASD
	sketta	vb	to stop, close	ASD
Middle Dutch:	wagenschot	n	wainscot	W7
Dutch:	schieten	vb	to shoot	LRC
Old Saxon:	sciotan	vb	to shoot	GED
Old High German:	scozo	n.masc	lap, bosom	ASD
	scozo	n.neut	missile	ASD
	scuz	n.str.masc	speed; sudden blow	W7
	skiozzan/sciozan	vb.str	to shoot	GED/ASD
Middle High German:	schoz	n	tax, tribute	ASD
German:	schiessen	vb	to shoot	LRC
	Schuss	n.masc	shot	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	skjóta	vb	to shoot, throw	LRC
	skot	n	shot; contribution	W7
	skutill	n	bolt	W7
	skuti	vb	to taunt	W7
Old Icelandic:	skjota	vb	to shoot	GED
Icelandic:	skauti	n	sheet, kerchief	ASD
	skjóta	n	to shoot; pay; push quickly	ASD
	skot	n.neut	shot, shooting; missile; contribution	ASD
Danish:	skyde	vb	to shoot	LRC
Swedish:	skjuta	vb	to shoot	LRC
	skott	n	shot	TLL
E-Germanic
Crimean Gothic:	*schieten/schiete	vb	to shoot (an arrow)	GED/CGo
Italic
French:	chute	n.fem	fall	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	skudrùs	adj	quick	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	is-kydati	vb	to throw out	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	códati	vb	to incite	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CGo	=	MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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