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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. streig- 'taut, stiff, strict; to twist; rope'

Semantic Fields: Hard; to Join, Unite; Rope, Cord

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	strician	vb	to knit, darn, mend, repair	IEW
Middle English:	constrainen	vb	to constrain	W7
	destresse	n	distress	W7
	distreynen	vb	to distrain	W7
	restraynen	vb	to restrain	W7
	strainen	vb	to strain	W7
	strait	adj	strait	W7
	stresse	n	stress	W7
English:	astringent	adj	styptic, puckery, able to draw together soft organic tissues	AHD/W7
	constrain	vb.trans	to compel	AHD/W7
	constraint	n	check, restraint	TLL
	constriction	n	tightening	TLL
	distrain	vb	to levy distress upon	AHD/W7
	distress	n	seizure/detention of one's goods	AHD/W7
	prestige	n	standing/estimation in public opinion	AHD/W7
	restrain	vb.trans	to prevent from doing	AHD/W7
	restrict	vb.trans	to restrain, confine within bounds	AHD/W7
	strain	vb	to draw tight, stretch taut	AHD/W7
	strait	adj	narrow, restricted	AHD/W7
	stress	n	constraining force/influence	AHD/W7
	stretto	n	overlap in musical fugue of answer with subject	AHD/W7
	strict	adj	permitting no escape/evasion	AHD/W7
	stringendo	adj	with accelerating tempo	AHD
	stringent	adj	tight, constricted	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	stricchen	vb	to tie, knit	ASD
German:	stricken	vb	to knit	ASD
Italic
Latin:	adstringens, adstringentis	adj/vb.ptc	astringent, tightening	CDC
	astringens, astringentis	adj/vb.ptc	astringent, tightening	W7
	astringo, astringere	vb	to tighten, bind fast	W7
	constringo, constringere	vb	to draw together, bind fast	W7
	districtus	vb.ptc	drawn apart, stretched out	W7
	distringo, distringere	vb	to distrain, draw apart	W7
	praestigia	n.fem	sleight, illusion, deception, conjuror's trick	W7
	praestringo, praestringere	vb	to tie up, blindfold	W7
	restrictus	vb.ptc	restricted	W7
	restringo, restringere	vb	to restrict	W7
	strictus, stricta, strictum	adj	strict, tight, drawn together	LRC
	stringens, stringentis	adj/vb.ptc	stringent, binding tight	W7
	stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictum	vb	to tie, fasten, bind/draw tight	IEW
Vulgar Latin:	districtia	n.fem	distress	W7
Late Latin:	praestigium	n.neut	prestige	W7
Medieval Latin:	distringo, distringere	vb	to distrain	W7
Old French:	destreindre	vb	to distrain, draw apart	W7
	destresse	n.fem	distress	W7
	estreit	adj	strict	W7
Middle French:	astringent	n.masc	binding	W7
	constraindre	vb	to constrain	W7
	estraindre	vb	to press in one's arms	W7
	prestige	n.masc	sleight, illusion, deception, conjuror's trick	W7
	restraindre	vb	to restrain	W7
French:	astringent	adj	binding, astringent	CDC
	prestige	n.masc	glory, honor, prestige	W7
Italian:	stretta	n.fem	squeeze, pressure	W7
	stretto	adj	close, narrow	W7
	stringendo	adj	stringendo, drawing tight	AHD
	stringere	vb	to draw tight	AHD

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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