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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 1. suep-, sup- 'to sleep'

Semantic Field: to Sleep; Sleep

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	súan	n	sleep	RPN
English
Old English:	swefan	vb	to sleep	RPN
	swef(e)n	n.neut	sleep, dream	LRC
Middle English:	sompnolent	adj	somnolent	W7
English:	hypn(o)-	pfx	sleep	AHD
	hypnosis	n	sleeplike state	AHD
	hypnotic	adj	soporific, sleep-inducing	AHD/W7
	insomnia	n	prolonged/abnormal inability to sleep well	AHD/W7
	somnolent	adj	soporific	AHD/W7
	sopor	n	stupor, lethargy, deep unnatural sleep	AHD/CDC
	soporific	adj	causing/tending to cause sleep	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	sweban	n	dream	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	sofa	vb	to sleep	LRC
Old Icelandic:	sofna	vb	to fall asleep	RPN
	svefja	vb	to lull to sleep	RPN
	svefna	n	sleep	RPN
Icelandic:	sofa	vb	to sleep	ASD
	svefn/söfn	n	sleep, dream	ASD
Danish:	sove	vb	to sleep	ASD
	søvn	n	sleep	ASD
Swedish:	sofa	vb	to sleep	ASD
	sömn	n	sleep	ASD
Italic
Latin:	insomnia	n.fem	sleeplessness	W7
	insomnis	adj	sleepless	W7
	somnolentus	adj	somnolent	W7
	somnus	n.masc	sleep, slumber	RPN
	sopio, sopire	vb	to stun, put/lull to sleep	RPN
	sopor	n.masc	deep sleep	RPN
Late Latin:	hypnoticus	adj	of sleep	W7
Middle French:	sompnolent	adj	somnolent, drowsy	W7
French:	hypnotique	adj	causing state of hypnose	W7
	soporifique	adj	that induces sleep	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	sãpnas	n	sleep, dream	RPN
Latvian:	sapnis	n	sleep	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	su'nu'	n.masc	sleep	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	úpnos	n.masc	sleep, slumber	RPN
	upnóô	vb	to (put to) sleep	RPN
Greek:	hypnotikos	adj	hypnotic, re: sleep	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	sup-zi	vb.3.sg	to sleep	LRC
	su-up-pa-ri-y[a-zi]	vb.3.sg	to sleep	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	x^vafna-	n	sleep	RPN
	x^vap-	vb	to sleep, slumber	RPN
Indic
Vedic:	svápati/svapiti	vb	to sleep, fall asleep	RPN
	svápate	vb.mid	to sleep, fall asleep	RPN
Sanskrit:	svápna-h	n	sleep, sleepiness	RPN
	svapáyati	vb.caus	to cause to sleep	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	späne	n	sleep	RPN
Tocharian A:	späm	n	sleep	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
caus	=	causative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
mid	=	middle (voice)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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