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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: teu-, tuu-, teuu-, tuo-, tu- 'to swell, intumesce'

Semantic Field: to Grow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	tuath	n	tribe, people	LRC
Middle Irish:	tarb	n.masc	bull	W7/IED
Cornish:	tus	n	people	LRC
Welsh:	tud	n	country	LRC
Gaulish:	Toutonos	prop.n	Teuton(s)	GED
English
Old English:	butere	n.fem	butter, cheese	W7
	þeod	n	folk, people	LRC
	þeod-cyning	n.masc	lit. folk-king	LRC
	þeoden	n.str.masc	king, lord, God	GED
	þeoh	n.neut	thigh	W7
	þeostre/þeoster	adj	dark	ASD
	þiestre/þistre	adj	dark	ASD
	þolian	vb	to bear	W7
	þol(l)	n.masc	thole	W7
	þuma	n.masc	thumb	W7
	þusend	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	W7
	þymel	n.masc	thimble, thumbstall, fingerstall	W7
Middle English:	bitoure	n	bittern	W7
	butter	n	butter	W7
	Duch	prop.adj/n	Dutch	W7
	Taurus	prop.n	Taurus	W7
	thigh	n	thigh	W7
	tholen	vb	to thole	W7
	tholle	n	thole	W7
	thoumbe	n	thumb	W7
	thoume	n	thumb	W7
	thousand	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	W7
	thymbyl	n	thimble	W7
	tombe	n	tomb	W7
	total	adj	total	W7
English:	bittern	n	small/medium-sized nocturnal heron	AHD/W7
	butter	n	solid food emulsion made by churning milk/cream	AHD/W7
	butyric	adj	re: a certain isomeric fatty acid	AHD/W7
	creosote	n	clear/yellowish oily liquid phenolic compounds made from wood tar	AHD/W7
	detumescence	n	diminution of swelling	AHD/CDC
	dictyosome	n	plant cell Golgi apparatus	AHD
	Dutch	prop.adj/n	re: the Netherlands	AHD/W7
	Éothéod	prop.n	Eorl's descendants in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	factotum	n	employee with misc. duties	AHD/W7
	intumesce	vb.intrans	to swell, enlarge	AHD/W7
	obturate	vb.trans	to close, obstruct	AHD/W7
	Plattdeutsch	prop.n	Low German	LRC
	prosoma	n	anterior region of invertebrate body	AHD/W7
	protuberance	n	knob, bulge, swelling	AHD
	protuberant	adj	re: protuberance	LRC
	protuberate	vb	to swell, bulge, be prominent/protuberant	AHD
	quark	n	soft creamy acid-cured central European cheese	AHD
	soma	n	all of organism except germ cells	AHD/W7
	-some	n.sfx	body	AHD/W7
	sorites	n	abridged series of syllogisms	AHD/W7
	sorus	n	clustered plant reproductive bodies	AHD/W7
	soteriology	n	theology dealing with salvation	AHD/W7
	taurine	adj	bovine, re: bull	AHD/W7
	taurine	n	colorless crystalline compound in muscle juices, esp. of invertebrates	AHD/W7
	taurocholic	adj	re: deliquescent acid occurring as sodium salt in bile of man/ox/various carnivores	AHD/W7
	Taurus	prop.n	zodiacal constellation	AHD/W7
	teetotum	n	spinning top/toy (usu. inscribed with letters)	AHD/W7
	Teuton	prop.n	person in (ancient) Germanic group	LRC
	Théoden	prop.n	17th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Théodred	prop.n	Theoden's son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Théodwyn	prop.n	Eowyn's mother in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	thigh	n	segment of vertebrate hind limb from hip to knee	AHD/W7
	thimble	n	finger cap/cover used in sewing to push needle	AHD/W7
	thole	n	pin, peg, oarlock	AHD/W7
	thole	vb	to bear, endure	AHD/W7
	Thorin	prop.n	dwarf a.k.a. Oakenshield in Tolkien: The Hobbit	LRC
	thousand	nbr.card	1000	AHD/W7
	thumb	n	first digit of primate hand (opposable to other fingers)	AHD/W7
	tomb	n	grave, cairn, barrow, funeral mound	AHD/W7
	toreador	n	torero, bullfighter	AHD/W7
	torero	n	toreador, bullfighter	AHD/W7
	total	adj	entire, comprising/constituting the whole	AHD/W7
	truffle	n	European subterranean edible fruiting fungus body	AHD/W7
	tuber	n	short fleshy usu. underground plant stem	AHD/W7
	tumefacient	adj	tumefying, producing swelling/tumefaction	AHD
	tumefy	vb	to (cause to) swell, become tumorous	AHD
	tumescent	adj	somewhat swollen	AHD/W7
	tumid	adj	enlarged, swollen, marked by swelling	AHD/W7
	tumor	n	swollen/distended part	AHD/W7
	tumorous	adj	swollen, protuberant, re: tumor	LRC
	tumulus	n	artificial mound/hillock (e.g. over tomb)	AHD/W7
	tutti	adj	all	AHD/W7
	tylectomy	n	surgical removal of cyst/tumor	AHD
	tylosis	n	skin/eyelid inflammation	AHD
	tyrosine	n	phenolic amino acid	AHD/W7
British English:	tumour	n	tumor	LRC
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	thiach	n.neut	thigh	ASD
	thiade	n.fem	men, people	ASD
	thuma	n.masc	thumb	ASD
	thusend	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	ASD
Middle Dutch:	duutsch	adj	Dutch	W7
Dutch:	dij	n	thigh	TLL
	dol	n.masc	thole	ASD
	duim	n	thumb	TLL
	duister	adj	dark	LRC
	duitsch	n	German	W7
	duizend	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	LRC
	Platduitsch	prop.n	Plattdeutsch	W7
Old Saxon:	thiod(a)	n.fem	people	ASD
	thiod-kuning	n.masc	king, monarch, sovereign	ASD
	thusundig	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	ASD
	þiodan	n.str.masc	prince, ruler, people's lord	GED
Old Low German:	thio	n.neut	thigh	ASD
	thumo	n.masc	thumb	ASD
	thusint	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	ASD
Low German:	thiad	n.fem	nation, people	ASD
Old High German:	butera	n	butter	W7
	dioh	n.neut	thigh, hip	W7/ASD
	diot(a)	n.fem	nation, people	ASD
	diutisc	adj	Dutch	W7
	dumo	n.masc	thumb	ASD
	dusunt/tusunt	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	W7/ASD
	truhtin	n	lord, ruler	GED
	tysyacha	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	W7
	þumo	n	thumb	W7
German:	Butter	n.neut	butter	LRC
	Daumen	n.masc	thumb	LRC
	Deutsch	n.neut	German	LRC
	deutsch	adj	German	LRC
	Kartoffel	n.fem	potato	TLL
	kreosot	adj	creosote	W7
	Plattdeutsch	prop.n	Plattdeutsch	W7
	Tausend	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þoka	n	cloud	LRC
	þollr	n.masc	tree (the ash Yggdrasil); post, pillar; beam	LRC
	þora(ð)	vb	to dare	LRC
	Þorinn	prop.n	Thorin (Voluspa dwarf)	TPE
	þorinn	n	bold/audacious one	LRC
	þýða, þýðadd	vb	to interpret as, make equivalent	LRC
Old Icelandic:	drottinn	n	prince	GED
	þjóð	n	people	LRC
	þjoðann	n.str.masc	king, prince	GED
Icelandic:	þjóð	n.fem	nation, people	ASD
	þjóðann	n.masc	king, ruler, great man	ASD
	þjóðkonungr	n.masc	king, monarch, sovereign	ASD
	þollr	n.masc	thole, wooden peg	ASD
	þumall	n.masc	thumb (of glove)	ASD
	þúsund	nbr.card.fem	thousand (1000)	ASD
Danish:	kartoffel	n	potato	TLL
	taage	n	fog	TLL
	tol	n.masc	thole	ASD
	tolle-gang	n.masc	thole, row-lock	ASD
	tomme	n.masc	thumb	ASD
	tommelfinger	n	thumb	TLL
	tusinde	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	LRC
Swedish:	tumme	n.masc	thumb	ASD
	tusen	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	þiuda	n.str.fem	nation, people; [pl.] heathens, Gentiles	LRC
	þiudans	n.masc	chief, prince, king	GED/ASD
	þiudisko	adv	like the heathen	W7/GED
	þusundi	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	LRC
Italic
Oscan:	touto	n.masc	city	W7
Umbrian:	touto	adj	whole, entire	LRC
Latin:	butyrum	n.neut	butter	W7
	dominus	n.masc	lord	GED
	domus	n.fem	house	GED/IEW
	intumesco, intumescere	vb	to swell up	W7
	obsturo, obturare	vb	to close (with something)	W7
	obturatus	vb.ptc	closed with something	W7
	Portunus	prop.n.masc	Portunus (gate/harbor deity)	GED
	portus	n.masc	entry, port	GED
	sorites	n.masc	type of argument	W7
	taurinus	adj	of a bull	W7
	Taurus	prop.n.masc	Taurus, lit. Bull	W7
	taurus	n.masc	bull	W7
	Teutoni	prop.n.masc.pl	the Teutons	W7
	Tiberinus	prop.n.masc	Tiberinus	GED
	Tiberis	prop.n	Tiber (river)	GED
	totus, tota, totum	adj	all, whole, entire	LRC
	tribunus	n.masc	tribune, chieftain	GED
	tribus	n.fem	tribe	GED
	tuber	n.neut	lump, swelling, protuberance	RPN
	tumeo, tumere	vb	to swell, be swollen	RPN
	tumescens, tumescentis	vb.pres.ptc	swelling	W7
	tumesco, tumescere	vb	to begin swelling	W7
	tumidus	adj	swollen	W7
	tumor	n.masc	swelling	W7
	tumulus	n.masc	tomb	W7
Vulgar Latin:	tufera	n.fem	truffle	W7
Late Latin:	taurarius	n.masc	bullfighter	W7
	tumba	n.fem	tomb	W7
Medieval Latin:	totalis	adj	re: wholeness	W7
New Latin:	factotum	n.neut	person who does everything	W7
	prosoma	n.fem	anterior region of invertebrate body	W7
	sorus	n.masc	clustered plant reproductive bodies	W7
Spanish:	toreador	n.masc	toreador, bull-fighter	W7
	torear	vb	to fight bulls	W7
	torero	adj	re: bull(s)	W7
	toro	n.masc	bull	W7
Anglo-French:	tumbe	n.fem	tomb	W7
Middle French:	butor	n.masc	bird of prey	W7
	total	n.masc	total	W7
	truffe	n.fem	truffle	W7
French:	butyrique	adj	re: butter	W7
Old Provençal:	trufa	n.fem	truffle	W7
Italian:	tartufo	n	truffle	LRC
	tutto, tutti	adj	all, whole, every	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	tauto	n	country	LRC
Lithuanian:	taukai	n	(animal) fat	RPN
	tumeti	vb	to become thick	RPN
	tukstantis	nbr.card	thousand (1000)	LRC
Latvian:	tàuta	n	people	LRC
	tvaikonis	n.masc	steamboat	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	tvarogu	n	quark, curds, cottage cheese	AHD
Russian:	tyju	vb	to become fat	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	sôzô	vb	to save, preserve, remember	LS
	sôs	adj	safe, sure, sound	LS
	turós	n.masc	cheese	LS
Greek:	boú-turon	n.neut	butter	LS
	sôma	n.neut	body	LRC
	sôreítês	n.masc	sorites	LS
	sôrós	n.masc	heap	LS
	sôtêr	n.masc	savior, preserver	LRC
	sôtêrion	n.neut	salvation	LS
	sôphrosúnê	n.fem	discretion, moderation	LRC
	taûros	n.masc	bull	LRC
	túlos	n.masc	knob, knot, callus	LS
	túmbos	n.masc	tomb	LS
Anatolian
Hittite:	tuzzi-	n	army, people	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	t'iv	n	number	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	tav-	n	ability	LRC
	tuiri-	n	whey	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	tavas	adj	strong	RPN
	taviti	vb	to be strong	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
card	=	cardinal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IED	=	Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
TPE	=	Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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