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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: tr-eu-d- 'to thrust, push, press, squash'

Semantic Fields: to Push, Shove; to Press

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	þreat	n.masc	band, troop; threat, compulsion	LRC
Middle English:	thret	n	threat, compulsion	W7
	thristen	vb	to thrust	W7
	thrusten	vb	to thrust	W7
English:	abstruse	adj	recondite, difficult to comprehend	AHD/W7
	extrude	vb	to push/press/force out	AHD/W7
	intrude	vb	to thrust oneself in	AHD/W7
	obtrude	vb	to extrude, thrust out	AHD/W7
	protrude	vb	to thrust forward	AHD/W7
	threat	n	coercion via warning re: evil/damage/injury	AHD/W7
	thrust, thrust	vb	to push/shove/drive with force	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle High German:	droz	n.masc	annoyance, molestation	W7/ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þrysta	vb	to thrust, push	W7
Icelandic:	þraut	n.fem	labor, struggle, hard task	ASD
Italic
Latin:	abstrudo, abstrudere	vb	to conceal	W7
	abstrusus, abtrusa, abstrusum	adj	abstruse, secret, concealed	W7
	detrudo, detrudere, detrusi, detrusus	vb	to dislodge, thrust away	LRC
	extrudo, extrudere	vb	to extrude	W7
	intrudo, intrudere	vb	to intrude	W7
	obtrudo, obtrudere	vb	to obtrude	W7
	protrudo, protrudere	vb	to protrude	W7
	trudo, trudere	vb	to thrust	W7
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	trudu'	n.masc	labor	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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