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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: 2. tuak- 'to bathe'

Semantic Field: to Wash

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	þweal	n.masc/neut	washing, laundry; soap, ointment	IEW/ASD
	þwean, þwoh, þwogon, þwogen	vb.str	to wash, bathe, cleanse	IEW/ASD
Middle English:	towaille	n	towel	W7
English:	towel	n	absorbent cloth for wiping/drying	IEW/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	twahila	n.fem	towel	IEW
Old High German:	dwahan	vb	to wash	IEW
	dwahila	n.masc	towel	IEW
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þvá	vb	to wash, bathe	LRC
Old Icelandic:	þvál	n	soap	IEW
	þváttr	n	washing, laundry	IEW
Swedish:	tvål	n	soap	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	þwahan	vb	to bathe	IEW
Italic
Old French:	toaille	n	towel	W7
French:	touaille	n	towel	IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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