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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: tuerk- 'to cut'

Semantic Field: to Cut

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	anasarca	n	anasarca	AHD
English:	anasarca	n	edema with serum accumulation in connective tissue	AHD/W7
	perisarc	n	outer chitinous integument of hydroid	AHD/W7
	sarcasm	n	gibe, cutting/hostile/contemptuous remark	AHD/W7
	sarc(o)-	pfx	flesh	AHD
	sarcodinian	n	protozoan that forms pseudopods to move/capture food	AHD
	sarcoid	adj	fleshy, re: flesh	AHD/W7
	sarcolemma	n	thin membrane enclosing striated muscle fiber	AHD
	sarcoma	n	cancer, malignant neoplasm	AHD/W7
	sarcophagus	n	limestone coffin	AHD/W7
	sarcoptic	adj	re: sarcoptid mites	AHD
	sarcoptid	adj	re: itch/mange (mites)	AHD
	sarcous	adj	fleshy, re: flesh/muscle tissue	AHD
	syssarcosis	n	junction of bones via attached muscles	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Sarkasmus	n.masc	sarcasm	LRC
Italic
Latin:	sarcophagus	adj/n.masc	flesh-eating; coffin, sarcophagus	W7
	trux, trucis	adj	fierce	LRC
Medieval Latin:	anasarca	n	anasarca	AHD
New Latin:	anasarca	n.fem	anasarca	W7
	sarcoma	n.fem	sarcoma	W7
	syssarcosis	n.fem	syssarcosis	W7
French:	sarcasme	n.masc	sarcasm, injury	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	sárx	n.fem	flesh	LRC
Greek:	sarkázô	vb	to tear flesh; sneer, bite lips in rage	LRC
	sarkasmos	n.masc	bitter laughter	W7
	sarkoeides	adj	like flesh	W7
	sarkoun	vb	to grow flesh	W7
	sarko-phágos	adj/n.masc	flesh-eating; coffin, sarcophagus	LRC
	sarkoma	n.neut	sarcoma, fleshy growth	W7
	syssarkousthai	vb	to be overgrown with flesh	W7
	syssarkosis	n.fem	being overgrown with flesh	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	thwar	vb	to cut	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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