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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers lacking Unicode^® support, or having less than full Unicode 2.0 font support. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and Unicode 2) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ud- 'out, away, up(wards)'

Semantic Field: Far (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	abutan	adv/prep	about	W7/ASD
	butan/buton/butun	adv/conj/prep	outside, without, except (that)	W7/ASD
	or-	pfx	from, without; early, original	ASD
	or-eald	adj	very old, lit. from (of) old	ASD
	or-þanc	adj	cunning, skillful	ASD
	or-þanc	n.masc/neut	device, artifice, skillful work/contrivance	ASD
	ut	adv	out, beyond, without, outside	LRC
	utera/utor	adj/adv.comp	outer	W7/ASD
	uter-mere	n.masc	open sea, lit. outer sea	LRC
	ute-weard	adj	outward	LRC
	utmest	adj.sup	last, utmost	W7/ASD
Middle English:	about	adv	whereabouts	W7
	boute	prep	without	MEV
	but/bot(e)	adv/conj	but	W7/MEV
	ort	n	ort	AHD/W7
	out	prep	out	W7
	utmest/utmost	adj	utmost	W7
	utter	adv	outside	W7
	uttren	vb	to utter	W7
English:	about	adv	around, on all sides	AHD/W7
	auslander	n	alien, outsider, foreigner	AHD
	but	adv/conj	only, merely; unless, except (for)	AHD/W7
	carouse	n	large cup of liquor (emptied/consumed)	AHD/W7
	hubris	n	arrogance, overweening pride/self-confidence	AHD/W7
	hysteresis	n	retardation of effect of force(s)	AHD/W7
	Orald	prop.n	a.k.a. Tom Bombadil in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	ort	n	scrap, morsel left after meal	AHD/W7
	Orthanc	prop.n	Saruman's tower in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	out	prep	in direction away from inside/center	AHD/W7
	uitlander	n	foreigner, lit. outlander	AHD
	Ursprache	prop.n	parent language, esp. a proto-language (i.e. reconstructed from later evidence)	LRC
	utmost	adj	extreme, situated at farthest/most distant point	AHD/W7
	utter	adj	total, absolute	AHD/W7
	utter	vb.trans	to offer for sale	AHD/W7
	vigorish	n	charge taken on bets	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	buta	prep	out, against, without	ASD
	uta-werd	adj	outward, extreme	ASD
	utera	adj	outer, outmost	ASD
Frisian:	buten	prep	out, against, without	ASD
Middle Dutch:	oor	adv/prep	out	AHD
Dutch:	buiten	prep	out, against, without	ASD
	uit	prep	out of	TLL
Afrikaans:	uitlander	n	uitlander	AHD
Old Saxon:	butan/botan	prep	out, against, without	ASD
	ut	adv	out, beyond	ASD
Old High German:	buzan	adv/conj/prep	without, except	W7
	uralt	adj	very old	ASD
	urdanc/urdank	n.str.masc	idea, invention, fabrication	LRC
	uz	prep/adv	out, beyond	W7/ASD
	uzero	adj	outer, outmost	ASD
Middle High German:	uz	prep	out	AHD
German:	aus	prep	out	LRC
	Ausländer	n.masc	auslander	LRC
	ausländisch	adj	foreign, alien, exotic	LRC
	ausserhalb	prep	outside	TLL
	bauszen	prep	out, without, against	ASD
	Garaus	n.masc	termination	W7
	ur-	pfx	primitive	W7
	Ursprache	n.fem	Ursprache	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ór	prep	from, (out) of; with the material of	LRC
	útar	adv.comp	farther out	LRC
	úti	adv	outside, out at sea, unsheltered	LRC
Icelandic:	út	adv	out, beyond	ASD
Danish:	ud	prep	out of	TLL
	uden	prep	without	TLL
	udenfor	prep	outside	TLL
Swedish:	ut	prep	out of	TLL
	utan	prep	without	TLL
	utanför	prep	outside	TLL
	utom	prep	except	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	us	prep	from, out (of)	LRC
	ut	adv	out, beyond	ASD
	uta	adv	out, without	LRC
Italic
Middle French:	carous	adv	all out, emptied	W7
	carrousse	adv	all out, emptied	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	uz	prep	on, for, upon	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	úbris	n.fem	hubris, outrage, wantonness	LS
	usteréô	vb	to come late, fall short	LS
	ustérêsis	n.fem	need, shortcoming, hysteresis	LS
	ústeron	adv	later	LRC
	ústeros	adj	later, subsequent	LS
Indic
Sanskrit:	ud	prep	up, out	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
comp	=	comparative
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
sup	=	superlative
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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