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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: ul- (onomatopoeic: to howl, ululate)

Semantic Field: Sound (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ule	n.fem	owl	W7/ASD
Middle English:	houlen	vb	to howl	W7
	owle	n	owl	W7
English:	howl	vb	to emit loud sustained doleful dog-like sound	AHD/W7
	owl	n	nocturnal bird of prey	AHD/W7
	ululate	vb.intrans	to howl, wail	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	uil	n	owl	TLL
Old High German:	uwila/ula	n.fem	owl	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	hiulen	vb	to howl	W7
German:	Eule	n.fem	owl	LRC
	heulen	vb	to howl, cry	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ugla	n	owl	KNW
Icelandic:	ugla	n.fem	owl	ASD
Danish:	ugle	n	owl	TLL
Swedish:	uggla	n	owl	TLL
Italic
Latin:	ululo, ululare	vb	to ululate	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	kôkúô	vb	to wail, shriek	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KNW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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